英美议会制度比较,英美议会制度的不同

('AmericanandBritishparliamentarysystemcomparativeanalysis（经管07级工商4班于少东20070506)Abstract:Politicalinstitutions（set)belongtoPoliticalsuperstructureareas，generallyreferstoitssocialQualitativeadaptationofthenationalauthoritiesandbasicsystem。”Politicalsystemandhumansocietyasthevarioussystems,Isaproductofhistoricaldevelopment，withtimeandspacemark.”1300yearsago，BritishbourgeoisrevolutionLater,thecapitalistcountriesgraduallyestablishandpracticeofthedemocraticpoliticsandpromulgatedtheconstitutionandconstitutionalism,makegraduallyimplementingCapitalisminthefieldsaredeveloped.BothBritainandthepoliticalsystemhasthesametheoreticalbasis:”naturalrights”theoryand"separation"Principle；Thespecificcontentofpoliticalsystemincludesparliamentarysystem,theelectoralsystem,judicialsystem，thegovernmentsystem，Civilservicesystemandpoliticalpartysystem;etc。Allflaunt"people’sdemocracy”,withthemainformsoftherepresentativefordemocracy，Powersystemrunningintheseparationofpowersandthecharacteristicsof”rulebylaw"principle.ThemostfundamentalcapitalistcountriesasHomepoliticalsystemoftwotypicalrepresentative，BritainandtheUnitedKingdominthemaintenanceofbourgeoisinterests，safeguardendowmentsocialistprivateownershipDegrees,carryoutthebourgeoisdictatorshiphasthesameessence.ButinconcretepoliticalsystemlevelandthetwocountriesSincethepresentdifferentcharacteristics。KeyWords：parliamentarysystem,culture；difference英美议会制度之比较摘要:政治制度（PoliticalRegime）属于上层建筑范畴,一般是指与本国的社会性质相适应的国家权利机构和基本制度。”政治制度与人类社会的各种制度一样，是历史发展的产物，带有时间与空间的烙印。”1300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后,资本主义国家逐步建立和实践了民主政治，颁布了宪法并逐步实行宪政,使资本主义在各个领域都得到了长足的发展。英美两国政治制度具有相同的理论基础:”天赋人权”学说和”三权分立”原则；政治制度的具体内容都包括议会制度、选举制度、司法制度、政府制度、公务员制度和政党制度等；都标榜"人民民主"，以代议制为民主的主要形式；政权体制都实行分权制衡和”法治”原则的特点。而最根本的是作为资本主义国家政治制度的两个典型代表，英美两国在维护资产阶级利益、维护资主义私有制度、实行资产阶级专政等方面具有相同的本质。但在具体政治制度层面两国又各自呈现不同的特点。关键词：议会制度文化差异BritishparliamentarysystemA,introductionTheBritishparliamentisknownas"parliament’smother。InBritaintakestheleadincreatingcapitalistmodeofproduction,andmeanwhiletakestheleadincreatingawiththeappropriateShouldtheconstitutionalsystem,whichistheparliamentforsubstantialpartoftheparliamentarysystem.TheBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament,reasonhasthefollowingtheitems。Thelongesthistory.1。Ifthe”modelin1295convenedforthebeginning,thenparliament"，theBritishcontinuousparliamentarypracticehassofarmorethansevenhundredyears。OnlyBritainParliamentisconcerned，thehistoryofthelongworldnocountryparliamentcanwatchwithadmiration.TheBritishparliamenthistory’spreciousnessisnotonlyliesinitstimelong,butbecauseithasexperiencedthecontradictionofdeepandcomplex,liesinitsplaceAccumulateexperiencesandlessonsoftherich,liesintheparliamentarypracticecontainssevenhundredyearsofenlightenment.2.OverthrowfeudalmonarchystruggleextremelyfullyandsuccessAswithmostcountries，Britainhadlongfeudalsocietyperiodandaccompaniedbythefeudalmonarchy.Howeverapartis,Alsointhefeudalmonarchy，theBritishcouncilwilltenaciouslyspearedout,andhasbeenindomitabletobindkingship,untilthekingshipresolutelyplacedParliamentbargaineesunder.BritishKingsfeudalautocraticmanytendency，haveaplentyofdye—in-the-wooddespot，andtheparliamentpowerbitterest。Therefore,theBritishparliamentIntheworldknowonlyhavekingshipanddisownparliamentaryauthorityeraofkingship，withoutconstraintagaininvariouswaysandsceptrestruggle。LawmakerstokingpleaseMay，rightthemselves；Borrowtheking’staxadvice,attackingdemandsanddiscussestheprincesandevilkingsin。Whenpeaceparliamentarystrugglecanstoptheking’sautocraticthroughWhenparliamentwithacommandarmy,wangjunJueSiwar。Parliamentwaseventoabolishthemonarchyandrepublicanism。AfteraboutfivehundredyearsofinnumerablebackClosebattle,parliamentfinallyovercomethemonarchyandaerialkingship，willbetransformedintoindependentmonarchywithoutabilityofconductnationalsymbol，andmakethemworkforparliamentarysupremacySystemservice。TheBritishparliamentforothercountriesovercomemonarchyofsimilarrevolutionoffersrichexperience,oneofthemostvaluedis：useparliamentfinancialRightwithwarbeatfrettingkingship,king，withoverheadoperationtransformationkingship.3.CreatenewelectoralsystemBritainfromfeudalsocietyperiodalreadyformedasenateelectionsystems,andhavebeenusedtothe19thcenturyprophase。ThefeudalmonarchyofparliamentTheelectoralsystemfacilitatesthekingcalledparliament，whichisbeneficialtotherulersandpluterigelections.Parliamentary-based，congressneedstobuildtheirownsocialbasis。From1832onwards，theBritishparliamentcontinuousexploration,establishnewCongressmanelectoral.Tovoters\'property,genderrequirementsgraduallyabolished,agerequirementreducedtotheadministrativedivisions,narrowbasisanddeterminetheconstituencybetweenpopulation。ConstituencyDifferences。Results，eighteenyearsofvotersteamup.Ontheotherhand,tothesenatorcandidate\'sproperty,gender,age.QualificationcorrespondingabandonedLessrequirements。Thus，civiliancourttoambitiousciviliansopenedthedoor.Partybecomescampaignorganizers，itsetplatform,nominatecandidates，Raisingcampaignfunds，stirringvoters。Electionintovotersaroundtheparty’spoliciesandcandidates，andmaketheauthorizedchoice。Countryofvoters,candidatePeople，politicalpartyintheelectionbehavior，andtomakeastandardelectiondisputesrenderanarbitration.OneconstituencyelectionaCongressman,attainsthesimplemajoritycandidateWhowaselected.TheBritishparliamentbeforeothermostcountriesparliamentgropingbuiltabovenewelectoralsystem，oneofthemanypointsforoneanotherAnationalassemblyquoted.4.CreatemeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealParliamentfromamonarchhandtakenaftertheexerciseofsovereignty,howsovereignty?BritainandotherafewcountriesfacingtheconstitutionalearlierissueThechallenge,andinitiallymadeanswer，namelycreateBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal。ThemaincharacteristicsofBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealdisplaysin：governmentmembersbytheparliamentciviliancourtmajorityfrontseatsenatorandcompanionsfrontseatconcurrently；651zhengMansiontocivilianscourtyardbearthecollectiveresponsibilityandministerpersonalresponsibility;Thegovernmentarrangementthelegislationofparliament.MoltencertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealoriginallyintheBritishparliamentforoverheadkingAdministrativepower,andbytheparliamentadoptedbytheexecutivepowercontrol,thusconsolidateparliamentarysupremacysystem.Unexpectedis，withmodernBritishgovernmentdutyInflation，exercisingadministrativepowerofthegovernment,thelegislativecouncilgraduallymanipulationoftheparliamentaryvotetolanguish.PracticeshowedthatBritishmeltwithcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealearlieritcreatedtheUnitedStatestruly，convenientdecentralizedcomparedthegovernmentpolicyintolegalandthenpushDo，yetitexcessiveweakenedstateparliamentintheroleofdecision-makingproceduresinparliament’simage,positionadverseverymuch.Inthisconnection,decentralizationSystemundertheU。S。congresstosafeguarditsaddressingintrepidlegislativepowerandfinancialpower；ManycitedBritishparliamentarymeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealincreasinglyremindourselvesnottofallintoThemotherofparliamentposition，theyareentitledtouselesstit—for—tatproposesmuststrengthenparliamentinstateofthedecisionscontrolfunction。5.FoundedmajoritywithoppositionmodeTheBritishparliamentfirstfrankrecognitioninparliamentarypartieswithintheexistence,andpressthedelegatecounthowmanyirrelevanceseatstoassignitsconstitutionalfunction。getCiviliancourtmajorityseatspartytoexerciseadministrativepower,namelyform，butalsoobtainorganizationciviliancourtofthelegislationandtheotherprivileges.Obtainciviliancourttimesmostseatspartyledtobecomenamelymagnificenceopposition,obtainedwithmajorityconsultationarrangementsciviliancourtagenda，andhavetheprivilegeofRightrepresentingalloppositiondividesthemotion，thegovernmentshoulddeclareetc,alsohasthepowerseparatearrangementciviliancourtparttimeBianTi，andleadershipinstituteofseveralciviliansKeyADhoccommittee.Seatslessthanotherledtheoppositionpartiesoftheoppositionalsoenjoycertainrights。Overalllook,majorityleaderadministrativeandlegislationMethod,theoppositionisresponsibleforsupervisionandadministration.Byusingthemajority——oppositionrelationmode，theBritishparliamentMPStousethepursuitoffame，Makethemaccordingtotheirpartiesundertakecorrespondingrelationshipbetweenconstitutionresponsibilities，broketheformerpoliticalpartysystemperiodgovernment—parliamentagainstrelationship，changeandtheformationofthemajorityThepartyandthegovernment——theoppositionagainstrelations,politicalsituationandconstitutionalismrolecrossed.QuoteBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealnationalparliamentsmostalsoprimersWiththeBritishpioneeringmajority--theoppositionsystem.6.Modernparliament’sresponsibilityThefeudalmonarchy，theBritishcouncilistheresponsibilityofthepetitionrightthemselves，decidetocourt：finance，legislation,supervisionpalace,trialrespondentswhowereentitledto.Parliamentboardedthesupremestatus,themodernwelfarestateformation，meltingcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealrole,allofthesecontributetotheBritishparliamentreassessedhisresponsibilities.Modern，theBritishcouncilwillthefollowingasownduty:legislation，decidethestatefinance，nominategovernment,supervisionandgovernmentwork，trialpublicComplaints，debateforvotershandleaffairs,stateandtrialofrespondentswhowereentitledto。Practiceshowthat,exceptforthehighestappealscourtoutside，themotherofparliamentliableResponsibilityforallactivitiescomplywithmodernsocietyinparliamentexpected。Therefore,manycountriesparliamentwillalsotheforegoingledtohisresponsibilities。7.EstablishedrulesMembersofparliament,fulfillitsmanymanyresponsibilities，musthavetheaidofparticularwayandrules。TheBritishparliamentfromwhichthecenturybeginsfoundeddeliberationpractices,Tograduallyexpresslyformulaterules，andtaketheleadhasformedacompletesetofdeliberationandphysical。Civiliancourtwithitspermanentrulesasmainbody，deliberationandpractices，thespeakercutting，suchasthedeliberationandcodeofauxiliarysystemrules,withinthegrandLetonlydeep。Itclassifygrounddeliberationstipulatedeachunitofcomposition,duty,completelegislativeprocedures，andquestionedtheway，debateway，deliberationThetiming,meetingthefunctionofachairman,etc。TheBritishparliamentdeliberationbill\'sstructureincreasinglyunsuitedtomodernlegislativeproceduresofdemocracyandsciencerequest,bemanycountriesparliamentabandoned。howeverBut，theBritishparliamentwasinitiatedbythedebatesystem，inquiringsystem，conferencesystembutgetmanynationalcouncilofidentity.8.FoundedparliamentprivilegeTheBritishparliamentwithamonarch\'sstruggle，inordertoprotectyourselffromthethreat，undisturbedmeeting，taketheleadinthecreationofparliamentprivilege。nowGeneration，parliamentprivilegetopreventtheoutsideparliamentstrengthinterference，destroyparliament,stillindispensable.Becauseofthis，manycountriesparliamentemulatedTheBritishcouncil，settherespectiveprivilege.9。Exploreparliamentfull-timeglycosylatedMedievalEnglandcouncilalsojustpart—timetype.Inordertomaintaintheparliament’ssupremestatus,effectivelyfulfillparliamentofmodernduties,theBritishparliamentFirstonfull—timechangepath.TheBritishparliamentfull-timeofconstructioninvolvessuchimportantcontent.First，obtainspecialofficespaceandfacilities，andDecidesitsdevelopment.Second,senatorsalary,andobtaintheofficeexpenses，equippedwithassistant.Third,settingacompleterangeofassistantandserviceagencies。Fourth,equippedwiththenecessaryauxiliaryinstitutions.Fifth，executeconferencesystem.TheBritishparliamentinfull—timeofexploration,ofofficespace,thetimeofthemeeting,etcImportanceveryearlyhasknown，itsmeasuresalsoprovedtobeworthemulated.Butsenatorsalary，equippedwithassistantforparliamentequippedwiththenecessaryauxiliarymachineComposeonissuessuchas，theBritishcounciltrudgedwithoutmeaning,eventuallyhadtoquotetheexperienceofothercountriesparliament.Anyhow,theBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament，andnotinthesensethatitprovidesusallsuccessfulexperience，butsaidittooktheleadinexploringtherepresentativeRoad.Itinexploringtimeearlierthantheinter—parliamentary,contentisverydeep，itsexperienceorteachandthereforehavetofinalizethedesignstrength,availabletousorborrowJian，oroftheincident。Moderncountries,mostexecutessimilarBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal。So，thoroughlyunderstandtheBritishparliament，weknowofthesecountriesparliamentanditsThewholeconstitutionsystem，ismucheasier.Afewcountriesimplement，andseveraldecentralizedstatepracticesbetweencertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealanddecentralizedfusionbetweenprospectivepointsCertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal.UnderstandtheBritishcouncil,willgreatlyhelpustounderstandthesetwokindsofstatecouncil,andeventhewholeconstitutionsystem，fortheyarebothConsciouslyquotedBritishparliamentary-basedlong,remedyitsshort,anddesignoftheirrespectiveconstitutionsystemandparliament。AmericanparliamentarysystemFederalregulators—congressAmerica’stoplegislature。Composedbythesenateandthehouseofrepresentatives.Congressexerciselegislativepower。Billgeneralafterputtingforward，committeeThedeliberation，54％personnelcongresstoconsiderprograms。Acourtispassed，totheotherhouse，whichinturnafterthesameprogram。BillbyAfterthePresidentsignedbythehouseandsenate，IfthePresidentdoesn’tveto，orifthevetobutthesenate2/3members，namelyformalintothroughagainForthelaw.Congressalsohasotherpowersprescribedbytheconstitution.Asdeclaredpower，therighttoamendtheconstitutionetc。HousesareequippedwithxuManycommittee,andsetupbysenatelawmakerscomposedofjointcommittee，congressworkmostlyineachcommittee.Commissionisdividedinto:(1）theSCMMeachsessionofcongress,thenumberisendlessandsame,termandeachsessionofparliamentwithtenureastwoyears。Theinfluenceare：Thehouserules,tax,grant，military,judicialandforeignaffairscommittee，thesenatediplomatic，funding，finance，Judicialandmilitaryaffairscommittee.(2）specialinvestigationcommittee，forthetreatmentoftemporaryorsetupspecialproblems。(3)jointcommittee，needtomakedecisionsaboutthecommonhouseandsenateisformed。4themediationcommittee,itstaskistodrawupabipartisanbillacceptablefor.Congressalsosetsupthetotalauditroom,libraryofcongressSuchastheagencies.ThesenateThePresidentwithforeignstatestreatiesandappointedbythePresidentoftheseniorofficialsmustbeapprovedbythesenate，thesenateentitledimpeachmenttrial，EntitledtounderspecialconditionscheckvicePresident.Senatordirectlyelectedbythestatesvoters，eachstate2,implementstaterepresentationTheprincipleofequality。Existingmembers100.Waselectedsenatormustbeatleast30yearsold，astheU。S。citizensisfullalready9years,waselectedForselectedresidentsofthestates。Term6years,every2yearsre-electionl/3，evenforre-election。ThevicePresidentofthesenate，ofcoursethespeaker。ThehouseThehouseshallhavetherighttomakeafinancialcaseandimpeachment,beentitledtounderspecialconditions,checkthePresident.AccordingtothestatepopulationthanthenumberofrepresentativesPatientswereallocated，eachstateatleast1.Accordingtothe1929theseatsallocationact,willCongressmantotalfixedfor435name，andaccordingtoThefederalministryofcommercebureauevery10years，providestatespopulationfluctuantcircumstance,readjuststatesbetweenseatsallocated.AgainsttheMemberbydirectlyelected，mustbeaged25yearsold，astheU.S.citizensalreadyfilledsevenyears，waselectedaselectedresidentsofthestates。letStage2years,maybere—electedconsecutively.Housespeakerby54％personnelareelectedthroughthemeeting。Bothsenatorlong-termre-electionphenomenonisverypopular.Membersshallnotconcurrentlyassumeothergovernmentpositions。Bibliography[1]Allan,K。＆Burridge.Euphemism&Dysphemism。Oxford：OxfordUniversityPress.1991.[2］Ayto，John。Euphemisms。London：BloomsburyPublishingLed.1993。[3］Kluckhohn，FlorenceandF。Strodtbeck。VariationsinValueOrientations.Evanston,OH:Row&Peterson.1961。[4]Leech,G。.N&M。H.Short。Styleinfiction.ALinguisticIntroductiontoEnglishFictionalProse。London:Longman。1999.[5］Leech，G。EnglishGrammarforToday.TheMacmillanPressLTD.1982.［6］Leech,G。Semantics。Haedmondsworth:PenguinBooks，Ltd。1985.[7］Malinowski，B."TheProblemofMeaninginPrimitiveLanguage.”TheMeaningofMeaning.Ed。C.K。OgdenandI。ARichards.NewYork:HarcountBraceJovanovich。1923。[8］Ayto，John,C.G.KindWords：AThesaurusofEuphemisms。NewYork:FactsOnFile，Inc。1983',)