英美议会制度比较 (1),英美议会制度比较

('AmericanandBritishparliamentarysystemcomparativeanalysis（经管07级工商4班于少东20070506）Abstract:Politicalinstitutions(set)belongtoPoliticalsuperstructureareas,generallyreferstoitssocialQualitativeadaptationofthenationalauthoritiesandbasicsystem.”Politicalsystemandhumansocietyasthevarioussystems,Isaproductofhistoricaldevelopment，withtimeandspacemark。”1300yearsago，BritishbourgeoisrevolutionLater,thecapitalistcountriesgraduallyestablishandpracticeofthedemocraticpoliticsandpromulgatedtheconstitutionandconstitutionalism，makegraduallyimplementingCapitalisminthefieldsaredeveloped。BothBritainandthepoliticalsystemhasthesametheoreticalbasis:"naturalrights"theoryand"separation”Principle;Thespecificcontentofpoliticalsystemincludesparliamentarysystem，theelectoralsystem,judicialsystem,thegovernmentsystem,Civilservicesystemandpoliticalpartysystem；etc。Allflaunt"people\'sdemocracy"，withthemainformsoftherepresentativefordemocracy,Powersystemrunningintheseparationofpowersandthecharacteristicsof”rulebylaw"principle.ThemostfundamentalcapitalistcountriesasHomepoliticalsystemoftwotypicalrepresentative,BritainandtheUnitedKingdominthemaintenanceofbourgeoisinterests,safeguardendowmentsocialistprivateownershipDegrees，carryoutthebourgeoisdictatorshiphasthesameessence。ButinconcretepoliticalsystemlevelandthetwocountriesSincethepresentdifferentcharacteristics。KeyWords:parliamentarysystem,culture；difference英美议会制度之比较摘要：政治制度（PoliticalRegime）属于上层建筑范畴,一般是指与本国的社会性质相适应的国家权利机构和基本制度."政治制度与人类社会的各种制度一样，是历史发展的产物，带有时间与空间的烙印。”1300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后，资本主义国家逐步建立和实践了民主政治，颁布了宪法并逐步实行宪政，使资本主义在各个领域都得到了长足的发展。英美两国政治制度具有相同的理论基础：”天赋人权”学说和"三权分立"原则；政治制度的具体内容都包括议会制度、选举制度、司法制度、政府制度、公务员制度和政党制度等;都标榜"人民民主"，以代议制为民主的主要形式;政权体制都实行分权制衡和”法治”原则的特点。而最根本的是作为资本主义国家政治制度的两个典型代表，英美两国在维护资产阶级利益、维护资主义私有制度、实行资产阶级专政等方面具有相同的本质。但在具体政治制度层面两国又各自呈现不同的特点.关键词：议会制度文化差异BritishparliamentarysystemA，introductionTheBritishparliamentisknownas"parliament\'smother.InBritaintakestheleadincreatingcapitalistmodeofproduction，andmeanwhiletakestheleadincreatingawiththeappropriateShouldtheconstitutionalsystem,whichistheparliamentforsubstantialpartoftheparliamentarysystem.TheBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament，reasonhasthefollowingtheitems.Thelongesthistory.1。Ifthe"modelin1295convenedforthebeginning，thenparliament”，theBritishcontinuousparliamentarypracticehassofarmorethansevenhundredyears。OnlyBritainParliamentisconcerned，thehistoryofthelongworldnocountryparliamentcanwatchwithadmiration。TheBritishparliamenthistory’spreciousnessisnotonlyliesinitstimelong，butbecauseithasexperiencedthecontradictionofdeepandcomplex，liesinitsplaceAccumulateexperiencesandlessonsoftherich,liesintheparliamentarypracticecontainssevenhundredyearsofenlightenment.2。OverthrowfeudalmonarchystruggleextremelyfullyandsuccessAswithmostcountries,Britainhadlongfeudalsocietyperiodandaccompaniedbythefeudalmonarchy。Howeverapartis,Alsointhefeudalmonarchy，theBritishcouncilwilltenaciouslyspearedout，andhasbeenindomitabletobindkingship,untilthekingshipresolutelyplacedParliamentbargaineesunder。BritishKingsfeudalautocraticmanytendency,haveaplentyofdye—in-the-wooddespot，andtheparliamentpowerbitterest.Therefore,theBritishparliamentIntheworldknowonlyhavekingshipanddisownparliamentaryauthorityeraofkingship，withoutconstraintagaininvariouswaysandsceptrestruggle。LawmakerstokingpleaseMay,rightthemselves;Borrowtheking’staxadvice，attackingdemandsanddiscussestheprincesandevilkingsin。Whenpeaceparliamentarystrugglecanstoptheking’sautocraticthroughWhenparliamentwithacommandarmy,wangjunJueSiwar.Parliamentwaseventoabolishthemonarchyandrepublicanism.AfteraboutfivehundredyearsofinnumerablebackClosebattle，parliamentfinallyovercomethemonarchyandaerialkingship,willbetransformedintoindependentmonarchywithoutabilityofconductnationalsymbol，andmakethemworkforparliamentarysupremacySystemservice.TheBritishparliamentforothercountriesovercomemonarchyofsimilarrevolutionoffersrichexperience,oneofthemostvaluedis：useparliamentfinancialRightwithwarbeatfrettingkingship,king，withoverheadoperationtransformationkingship.3.CreatenewelectoralsystemBritainfromfeudalsocietyperiodalreadyformedasenateelectionsystems，andhavebeenusedtothe19thcenturyprophase.ThefeudalmonarchyofparliamentTheelectoralsystemfacilitatesthekingcalledparliament，whichisbeneficialtotherulersandpluterigelections。Parliamentary—based,congressneedstobuildtheirownsocialbasis。From1832onwards,theBritishparliamentcontinuousexploration，establishnewCongressmanelectoral。Tovoters\'property，genderrequirementsgraduallyabolished,agerequirementreducedtotheadministrativedivisions,narrowbasisanddeterminetheconstituencybetweenpopulation.ConstituencyDifferences.Results,eighteenyearsofvotersteamup.Ontheotherhand，tothesenatorcandidate’sproperty，gender,age。QualificationcorrespondingabandonedLessrequirements.Thus,civiliancourttoambitiousciviliansopenedthedoor。Partybecomescampaignorganizers，itsetplatform,nominatecandidates,Raisingcampaignfunds,stirringvoters。Electionintovotersaroundtheparty\'spoliciesandcandidates，andmaketheauthorizedchoice.Countryofvoters,candidatePeople,politicalpartyintheelectionbehavior，andtomakeastandardelectiondisputesrenderanarbitration。OneconstituencyelectionaCongressman，attainsthesimplemajoritycandidateWhowaselected.TheBritishparliamentbeforeothermostcountriesparliamentgropingbuiltabovenewelectoralsystem,oneofthemanypointsforoneanotherAnationalassemblyquoted。4.CreatemeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealParliamentfromamonarchhandtakenaftertheexerciseofsovereignty,howsovereignty？BritainandotherafewcountriesfacingtheconstitutionalearlierissueThechallenge，andinitiallymadeanswer，namelycreateBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal.ThemaincharacteristicsofBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealdisplaysin：governmentmembersbytheparliamentciviliancourtmajorityfrontseatsenatorandcompanionsfrontseatconcurrently；651zhengMansiontocivilianscourtyardbearthecollectiveresponsibilityandministerpersonalresponsibility；Thegovernmentarrangementthelegislationofparliament。MoltencertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealoriginallyintheBritishparliamentforoverheadkingAdministrativepower,andbytheparliamentadoptedbytheexecutivepowercontrol,thusconsolidateparliamentarysupremacysystem.Unexpectedis，withmodernBritishgovernmentdutyInflation,exercisingadministrativepowerofthegovernment，thelegislativecouncilgraduallymanipulationoftheparliamentaryvotetolanguish.PracticeshowedthatBritishmeltwithcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealearlieritcreatedtheUnitedStatestruly,convenientdecentralizedcomparedthegovernmentpolicyintolegalandthenpushDo，yetitexcessiveweakenedstateparliamentintheroleofdecision—makingproceduresinparliament\'simage，positionadverseverymuch.Inthisconnection，decentralizationSystemundertheU.S。congresstosafeguarditsaddressingintrepidlegislativepowerandfinancialpower；ManycitedBritishparliamentarymeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealincreasinglyremindourselvesnottofallintoThemotherofparliamentposition,theyareentitledtouselesstit—for-tatproposesmuststrengthenparliamentinstateofthedecisionscontrolfunction.5.FoundedmajoritywithoppositionmodeTheBritishparliamentfirstfrankrecognitioninparliamentarypartieswithintheexistence，andpressthedelegatecounthowmanyirrelevanceseatstoassignitsconstitutionalfunction。getCiviliancourtmajorityseatspartytoexerciseadministrativepower，namelyform,butalsoobtainorganizationciviliancourtofthelegislationandtheotherprivileges.Obtainciviliancourttimesmostseatspartyledtobecomenamelymagnificenceopposition,obtainedwithmajorityconsultationarrangementsciviliancourtagenda，andhavetheprivilegeofRightrepresentingalloppositiondividesthemotion，thegovernmentshoulddeclareetc，alsohasthepowerseparatearrangementciviliancourtparttimeBianTi,andleadershipinstituteofseveralciviliansKeyADhoccommittee。Seatslessthanotherledtheoppositionpartiesoftheoppositionalsoenjoycertainrights.Overalllook,majorityleaderadministrativeandlegislationMethod，theoppositionisresponsibleforsupervisionandadministration.Byusingthemajority—-oppositionrelationmode，theBritishparliamentMPStousethepursuitoffame,Makethemaccordingtotheirpartiesundertakecorrespondingrelationshipbetweenconstitutionresponsibilities，broketheformerpoliticalpartysystemperiodgovernment—parliamentagainstrelationship，changeandtheformationofthemajorityThepartyandthegovernment——theoppositionagainstrelations,politicalsituationandconstitutionalismrolecrossed.QuoteBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealnationalparliamentsmostalsoprimersWiththeBritishpioneeringmajority——theoppositionsystem。6。Modernparliament\'sresponsibilityThefeudalmonarchy，theBritishcouncilistheresponsibilityofthepetitionrightthemselves,decidetocourt：finance,legislation，supervisionpalace,trialrespondentswhowereentitledto.Parliamentboardedthesupremestatus，themodernwelfarestateformation,meltingcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealrole,allofthesecontributetotheBritishparliamentreassessedhisresponsibilities。Modern，theBritishcouncilwillthefollowingasownduty：legislation,decidethestatefinance,nominategovernment,supervisionandgovernmentwork,trialpublicComplaints,debateforvotershandleaffairs,stateandtrialofrespondentswhowereentitledto。Practiceshowthat,exceptforthehighestappealscourtoutside，themotherofparliamentliableResponsibilityforallactivitiescomplywithmodernsocietyinparliamentexpected.Therefore，manycountriesparliamentwillalsotheforegoingledtohisresponsibilities.7.EstablishedrulesMembersofparliament,fulfillitsmanymanyresponsibilities，musthavetheaidofparticularwayandrules。TheBritishparliamentfromwhichthecenturybeginsfoundeddeliberationpractices,Tograduallyexpresslyformulaterules,andtaketheleadhasformedacompletesetofdeliberationandphysical.Civiliancourtwithitspermanentrulesasmainbody,deliberationandpractices，thespeakercutting，suchasthedeliberationandcodeofauxiliarysystemrules，withinthegrandLetonlydeep.Itclassifygrounddeliberationstipulatedeachunitofcomposition，duty，completelegislativeprocedures，andquestionedtheway，debateway，deliberationThetiming，meetingthefunctionofachairman，etc。TheBritishparliamentdeliberationbill’sstructureincreasinglyunsuitedtomodernlegislativeproceduresofdemocracyandsciencerequest，bemanycountriesparliamentabandoned.howeverBut,theBritishparliamentwasinitiatedbythedebatesystem，inquiringsystem，conferencesystembutgetmanynationalcouncilofidentity。8。FoundedparliamentprivilegeTheBritishparliamentwithamonarch’sstruggle，inordertoprotectyourselffromthethreat，undisturbedmeeting,taketheleadinthecreationofparliamentprivilege。nowGeneration,parliamentprivilegetopreventtheoutsideparliamentstrengthinterference,destroyparliament，stillindispensable.Becauseofthis,manycountriesparliamentemulatedTheBritishcouncil，settherespectiveprivilege.9.Exploreparliamentfull—timeglycosylatedMedievalEnglandcouncilalsojustpart-timetype.Inordertomaintaintheparliament\'ssupremestatus，effectivelyfulfillparliamentofmodernduties,theBritishparliamentFirstonfull—timechangepath。TheBritishparliamentfull-timeofconstructioninvolvessuchimportantcontent。First，obtainspecialofficespaceandfacilities，andDecidesitsdevelopment.Second,senatorsalary,andobtaintheofficeexpenses,equippedwithassistant.Third，settingacompleterangeofassistantandserviceagencies.Fourth,equippedwiththenecessaryauxiliaryinstitutions.Fifth，executeconferencesystem.TheBritishparliamentinfull—timeofexploration，ofofficespace,thetimeofthemeeting，etcImportanceveryearlyhasknown，itsmeasuresalsoprovedtobeworthemulated.Butsenatorsalary，equippedwithassistantforparliamentequippedwiththenecessaryauxiliarymachineComposeonissuessuchas，theBritishcounciltrudgedwithoutmeaning,eventuallyhadtoquotetheexperienceofothercountriesparliament。Anyhow,theBritishparliamentasthemotherofparliament,andnotinthesensethatitprovidesusallsuccessfulexperience，butsaidittooktheleadinexploringtherepresentativeRoad。Itinexploringtimeearlierthantheinter—parliamentary,contentisverydeep,itsexperienceorteachandthereforehavetofinalizethedesignstrength,availabletousorborrowJian，oroftheincident。Moderncountries，mostexecutessimilarBritishmeltcertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal.So,thoroughlyunderstandtheBritishparliament,weknowofthesecountriesparliamentanditsThewholeconstitutionsystem，ismucheasier.Afewcountriesimplement,andseveraldecentralizedstatepracticesbetweencertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelrevealanddecentralizedfusionbetweenprospectivepointsCertaintyequivalentmaximizationmodelreveal.UnderstandtheBritishcouncil,willgreatlyhelpustounderstandthesetwokindsofstatecouncil，andeventhewholeconstitutionsystem,fortheyarebothConsciouslyquotedBritishparliamentary—basedlong，remedyitsshort，anddesignoftheirrespectiveconstitutionsystemandparliament.AmericanparliamentarysystemFederalregulators—congressAmerica’stoplegislature。Composedbythesenateandthehouseofrepresentatives。Congressexerciselegislativepower。Billgeneralafterputtingforward，committeeThedeliberation，54％personnelcongresstoconsiderprograms.Acourtispassed,totheotherhouse，whichinturnafterthesameprogram.BillbyAfterthePresidentsignedbythehouseandsenate,IfthePresidentdoesn\'tveto，orifthevetobutthesenate2/3members，namelyformalintothroughagainForthelaw.Congressalsohasotherpowersprescribedbytheconstitution。Asdeclaredpower,therighttoamendtheconstitutionetc.HousesareequippedwithxuManycommittee,andsetupbysenatelawmakerscomposedofjointcommittee,congressworkmostlyineachcommittee.Commissionisdividedinto：(1)theSCMMeachsessionofcongress,thenumberisendlessandsame,termandeachsessionofparliamentwithtenureastwoyears.Theinfluenceare:Thehouserules,tax,grant,military,judicialandforeignaffairscommittee，thesenatediplomatic，funding,finance,Judicialandmilitaryaffairscommittee.（2)specialinvestigationcommittee,forthetreatmentoftemporaryorsetupspecialproblems。(3)jointcommittee,needtomakedecisionsaboutthecommonhouseandsenateisformed.4themediationcommittee，itstaskistodrawupabipartisanbillacceptablefor.Congressalsosetsupthetotalauditroom,libraryofcongressSuchastheagencies。ThesenateThePresidentwithforeignstatestreatiesandappointedbythePresidentoftheseniorofficialsmustbeapprovedbythesenate，thesenateentitledimpeachmenttrial,EntitledtounderspecialconditionscheckvicePresident.Senatordirectlyelectedbythestatesvoters,eachstate2，implementstaterepresentationTheprincipleofequality.Existingmembers100.Waselectedsenatormustbeatleast30yearsold,astheU.S.citizensisfullalready9years,waselectedForselectedresidentsofthestates.Term6years,every2yearsre—electionl/3,evenforre-election.ThevicePresidentofthesenate,ofcoursethespeaker。ThehouseThehouseshallhavetherighttomakeafinancialcaseandimpeachment,beentitledtounderspecialconditions，checkthePresident。AccordingtothestatepopulationthanthenumberofrepresentativesPatientswereallocated,eachstateatleast1.Accordingtothe1929theseatsallocationact，willCongressmantotalfixedfor435name，andaccordingtoThefederalministryofcommercebureauevery10years，providestatespopulationfluctuantcircumstance,readjuststatesbetweenseatsallocated。AgainsttheMemberbydirectlyelected,mustbeaged25yearsold,astheU。S.citizensalreadyfilledsevenyears,waselectedaselectedresidentsofthestates.letStage2years，maybere—electedconsecutively.Housespeakerby54%personnelareelectedthroughthemeeting。Bothsenatorlong—termre—electionphenomenonisverypopular。Membersshallnotconcurrentlyassumeothergovernmentpositions.Bibliography[1］Allan,K。&Burridge.Euphemism＆Dysphemism.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress。1991.［2]Ayto,John。Euphemisms.London：BloomsburyPublishingLed.1993.[3]Kluckhohn，FlorenceandF.Strodtbeck.VariationsinValueOrientations.Evanston,OH:Row＆Peterson.1961。[4］Leech，G..N&M.H。Short。Styleinfiction。ALinguisticIntroductiontoEnglishFictionalProse。London:Longman。1999。[5］Leech，G.EnglishGrammarforToday.TheMacmillanPressLTD.1982。［6］Leech,G.Semantics.Haedmondsworth：PenguinBooks,Ltd。1985.[7］Malinowski，B。”TheProblemofMeaninginPrimitiveLanguage。”TheMeaningofMeaning。Ed。C。K。OgdenandI.ARichards.NewYork：HarcountBraceJovanovich。1923.[8]Ayto，John,C.G.KindWords:AThesaurusofEuphemisms.NewYork：FactsOnFile,Inc。1983',)