新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-8)课后答案及课文翻译

('应Keytobook4unit1-4Unit1Activereading(1)Lookingforajobafteruniversity?First,getoffthesofaReadingandunderstandingDealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tomakeprogressbymovingtothenextstageinaseriesofactionsorevents(proceed)2theprocessofchangingfromonesituation,formorstatetoanother(transition)3notfeelinginvolvedwithsomeoneorsomethinginacloseoremotionalway(detached)4referringtosomethingwhichwillhappensoon(upcoming)5tobesittingstillinapositionthatisnotupright(slump)6toreturntoapreviousstateorwayofbehaving(revert)7tosaywhathappened(recount)4CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.Itisn’teasytomakethe(1)transitionfromabusyuniversitystudenttoanunemployedyoungadult(2)slumpedonabarstoolorhalfwatchingamindlesstelevisionshow,wonderingifandhowtheircareerisgoingto(3)proceed.Manypeoplewhohaveexperiencedalongperiodofinactivitylikethis,when(4)recountinghowtheyfeltatthetime,refertothesamestrangepsychologicaleffect.Asthedayspass,theybegintofeel(5)detachedfromanysenseofpressuretogoandlookforajob,andtendtoregard(6)upcominginterviewsasiftheywerenotveryimportant.Typically,backathomeafterthreeorfouryearsaway,they(7)reverttooldhabits,startseeingoldfriends,and,inmanycases,becomedependentagainontheirparents.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Iwenttoamixed-abilitysecondaryschooljustoutsideLondon.(comprehensive)2Igotstoppedbyapolicemanwhoaskedtoseemydrivinglicence.(cop)3HaveyouseenthisbeautifulfromtheairviewofOxford?(aerial)4Isabeltightlyherbagasshewalkeddownthecorridortowardstheoffice.(clutched)5YoushouldspeaktoToby;he’sansupporterofflexibleworkinghours.(advocate)6Ihurtmylegbadlyacoupleofmonthsago,anditstillhasn’tgotbettercompletely.(healed)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Isadead-endjobonewith(a)excitingprospects,or(b)nofuture?2Isatrickyproblem(a)difficult,or(b)easytosolve?3Ifanactivitysapsallyourenergy,doyoufeel(a)tired,or(b)moreactivethanusual?4Doesapushypersontryto(a)persuadeyoutodosomethingyoudon’twantto,or(b)helpyoubylisteningtowhatyouhavetosay?5Ifyoufeelapathy,doyouwantto(a)changetheworld,or(b)stayathomeanddonothing?7Answerthequestionsaboutthephrases.1Isforkout(a)aformal,or(b)aninformalwayofsayingtopayforsomething?2Ifyouareinthesameboatasanotherperson,areyou(a)makingthesamejourneytogether,or(b)inthesamedifficultorunpleasantsituation?3Ifyoufeelyouhavecomefullcircle,doyou(a)feelyouarebackwhereyoustarted,or(b)feelasenseofsatisfactionbecauseyouhavecompletedsomething?4Ifsomeonetakesasoftline,dotheydealwithaperson(a)inakindandsympatheticway,or(b)inalazywaywithoutmakingadecision?5Ifyoustriketherightnoteaboutsomething,areyouexpressingyourself(a)well,or(b)badly?6Ifyoudosomethingbyallmeans,doyou(a)tryyourbesttodoit,or(b)notcareaboutit?7Ifyounudgesomeonebackintothesaddle,areyouencouragingthemto(a)takeresponsibilityagain,or(b)takeiteasy?8Ifyoutalkthroughaproblemwithsomeone,doyou(a)examineitcarefullyandsensitively,or(b)refertoitquicklyandthenchangethesubject?Activereading(2)IfyouaskmeDealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1funnyorentertaining(amusing)2usedforemphasizingthatsomethinggoodhashappened,especiallybecauseofgoodluck(fortunately)3anamountofmoneythataperson,businessorcountryborrows,usuallyfromabank(loan)4totakeanamountornumberfromatotal(deduct)5themostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent(highlight)6toshowthatyouunderstandsomeone’sproblems(sympathize)7needingalotoftime,ability,andenergy(demanding)5CompletetheconversationwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.AAfterthreeyearsatuniversity,I’mnowquiteheavilyindebt.BI(1)sympathizewithyou,Iknowwhatit’sliketohavefinancialproblems.But(2)fortunatelyIdidn’tneedtotakeoutastudent(3)loanwhenIwasatuniversity,becauseIhadapart-timejob.AWhatdidyoudo?BIworkedinarestaurantatweekends.AThatmusthavebeenvery(4)demanding.BYes,itwas.Ihadtogettherightbalancebetweenworkandstudy.Buttheotherpeoplewhoworkedthereweregoodfuntobewith,soitwasquite(5)amusingtoo.The(6)highlightoftheweekendwasalwaysSaturdaynightwhenweworkedovertime.AButIdon’texpectyoumadealotofmoney?BNo,therewasn’tmuchafterthey’d(7)deductedtaxandpensioncontributions.Butitwasenoughtokeepmegoing.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1WhenIwasatcollegeIkeptallmypersonalthingsinanoldcupboard.2Alotofpeoplewholeaveuniversitybeforegettingadegreeendupingoodjobs.3Ithinkshe’llgetagooddegree,butIwouldn’triskmymoneyontheexactresult.4ThemoneyIspentatcollegewasmorethanwhatIearnedinmypart-timejob.5Thechancesofmybeingofferedajobafterthatinterviewmustbequiteremote.6Ourbusinesshasdoneverywellsincewechangedouradvertising.7Ithinktellingthetruthandnotcheatingisalwaysthebestpolicy.Key:(1)belongings(2)dropouts(3)gamble(4)exceeded(5)odds(6)hasthrived(7)honesty7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomethingisnotallit’scrackeduptobe,isit(a)validandinteresting,or(b)justalittlebitdisappointing?2Ifsomeonekeepsbangingonaboutsomething,areyoulikelytobe(a)interestedin,or(b)boredbywhattheysay?3Ifthereisalotofhassleinyourlife,areyoulikelytofeel(a)stressed,or(b)relaxed?4Ifsomethinghappensoutoftheblue,isit(a)unexpected,or(b)partofyourplan?5Ifyousayyouendedupinaparticularjob,doyousuggestthat(a)youhavefulfilledyourambition,or(b)ithappenedalmostbychance?6Aretheregularsinapub(a)thecustomerswhocomeveryoften,or(b)thefoodthepuboffersmostoften?7Ifsomethingisdeadeasy,isit(a)veryeasy,or(b)noteasyatall?8Ifyoutreatsomeonetosomething,doyou(a)buysomethingniceforthem,or(b)behavebadlytothem?9Ifyoucheeraplaceup,doyou(a)maketheplacelookbrighter,or(b)makethepeopleintheplacehappier?Readingandinterpreting8Lookatthesentencesfromthepassageandidentifythestylefeatures.1Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?Thisshowstheinformalityofanincompletesentenceinthefirstpart,theuseofaninformalexpression(bangingon)andarhetoricalquestiontothereader(WhatdoIfind?)2TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?)…Thishastheuseofaninformalword(hassle),aninformalexclamation(god)andaquestiontothereader(Whenwilltheygrowup?)3Actually,IhadmyeyeonthecourseattheLondonSchoolofEconomics(LSE).Herethereisadiscoursemarkertypicalofspeech(Actually)andaninformalphrase(hadmyeyeon).4Ikindofunderstandit,andnotjustbecausemydegreeisineconomics.Here“kindof”isasortofdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(showingsomethingisgeneral,vagueornotdefinite).5Iwantedsomethinginfinanceandinvestments,becauseyouknow,maybewithajoblikethat,Icouldusemydegree.Thishasadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(youknow).6...it’strue,hereallydidseemtohavethreehands.Againhereisadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(it’strue).7Italkedtohimabout...well,aboutprettywelleverything…Thishasanotherdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(well)andaninformalphrase(prettywell).Languageinusewordformation:compoundnouns1Writethecompoundnounswhichmean:1adegreewhichisawardedafirstclass(afirst-classdegree)2workinahospital(hospitalwork)3aticketforaplanejourney(aplaneticket)4adiscountforstudents(astudentdiscount)5apasswhichallowsyoutotravelonbuses(abuspass)6aroomwhereaninterviewisheld(aninterviewroom)7aperiodspentintraining(atrainingperiod)wordformation:nounphrases2Writethenounphraseswhichmean:1acareerwhichisrewardingfromthefinancialpointofview(afinanciallyrewardingcareer)2legislationwhichhasbeenintroducedrecently(recentlyintroducedlegislation)3instructionswhicharemorecomplexthanusual(unusuallycomplexinstructions)4aninstitutionwhichisorientatedtowardsacademic(academicallyorientatedwork)5workwhichmakesphysicaldemandsonyou(physicallydemandingwork)6informationwhichhasthepotentialtobeimportant(potentiallyimportantinformation)7candidateswhohavebeenselectedafteracarefulprocedure(carefullyselectedcandidates)8acoursebookinwhicheverythinghasbeenplannedbeautifully(abeautifullyplannedtextbook)tryas…might3Rewritethesentencesusingtryas…might.1I’mtryingtofillthislastpage,butIjustcan’tthinkofanything.TryasImighttofillthislastpage,Ijustcan’tthinkofanything.2ItrytobefriendlywithMarta,butshedoesn’tseemtorespond.TryasImighttobefriendlywithMarta,shedoesn’tseemtorespond.3Itryhardtogettosleep,butIcan’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.TryasImighttogettosleep,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.4Hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves,eventhoughhekeepstrying.Tryashemight,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves./Tryashemighttogetthepromotionhedeserves,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetit.5Ikeeptryingtorememberhername,butmymindisablank.TryasImighttorememberhername,mymindisablank.giventhat…4Rewritethesentencesusinggiventhat…1SinceIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.GiventhatIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.2XiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sosheshouldgetthejob.GiventhatXiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sheshouldgetthejob.3Sincewe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.Giventhatwe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.4Sinceit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.Giventhatit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.clausesintroducedbythan5Rewritethesentencesusingclausesintroducedbythan.1She’sexperiencedatgivingadvice.I’mmoreexperienced.She’slessexperiencedatgivingadvicethanIam./I’mmoreexperiencedatgivingadvicethansheis.2Youeattoomuchchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforyou.Youeattoomuchchocolatethanisgoodforyou.3Sheworkedveryhard.Mostpart-timersdon’tworksohard.Sheworkedharderthanmostpart-timersdo.4Youhavearrivedlatetoomanytimes.Thatisn’tacceptable.Youhavearrivedlatemoretimesthanisacceptable.5Idon’tthinkyoushouldhavegivensomuchpersonalinformation.Itisn’twise.Ithinkyouhavegivenmorepersonalinformationthaniswise.collocations6Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1highlightAhighlightisthemostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent.(a)Whatwouldyouliketobethehighlightofyourcareer?Iwouldlikethehighlightofmystudentcareertobetoreceiveanationalawardforthebeststudentresearchproject.(b)Howcanyouhighlightanimportantsentenceinatext?Youcanunderlineitinpencilorpenoryoucanusecolouredpensorhighlighters.(c)Whataretheeditedhighlightsofafootballmatch?Thehighlightsarewhensomeonescoresagoalorpreventsonefrombeingscored.2loanAloanisanamountofmoneysomeoneborrowsfromsomeoneelse.(a)Haveyouevertakenoutaloan?No,Ihaven’t.Butmyparentshavetakenoutseveralloanstobuykitchenequipment.(b)Whatisthebestwaytopayoffaloan?Itisbesttopayaloanoffquickly,althoughyouwillstillhavetopaysomeinterest.(c)Ifyouhavealibrarybookonloan,whatdoyouhavetodowithit?Youhavetoreturnitbeforethedateitisdue,otherwiseyoumayhavetopayafine.3thriveTothrivemeanstobeverysuccessful,happyorhealthy.(a)Whatsortofbusinessthrivesbestinyourpartofthecountry?Inmypartofthecountry,lightindustriesandelectronicscompaniesthrive.(b)Whichsortofplantsthriveinahotclimate?Inahotclimateyoucanseetropicalfruitandvegetablesthriveandalsotropicalplantsandtrees.(c)Whydoyouthinksomecouplesthriveonconflict?Itisdifficulttounderstandwhysomecouplesthriveonconflict.Maybeeachonewantstocompetewiththeotherormaybetheyenjoy“kissingandmakingup”aftertheconflict.7TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It’sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat’sbeforeI’vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI’minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon’tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI’m60.（?翻译时可以根据上下文增译，即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表达出来的意思。如最后一句译文加了“领养老金”，点出了与上一句的关联。）依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。8TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.我认为，选修第二专业并不适合每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求，但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我的自信心。虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人，在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone’sconfidence;giventhat;bowtofate;cometoaclose;forfearthat;nowthat)Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn’tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldn’tdowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacroeconomicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦今年夏天，超过65万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？七月，你看着21岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。总算熬到头了。等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。他只是偶尔走开去发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。这位前“千禧一代”的后裔一夜之间变成了哼哼一代的成员。他能找到工作吗？这就是成千上万家庭所面临的景象：今年夏天，超过65万大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者，他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。他走进大学就业服务中心，又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。跟他一起住的另外5个男孩也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更清晰的计划。他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒了。他们给的年薪是1万8千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐煮豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。然后我又申请了公务员速升计划，并通过了笔试。但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家治国国论者’。我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。”打那以后他整个夏天都在“躲”。他能够轻松复述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看电视的时间太多，已经到了影响健康的地步。跟朋友谈自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己的并没有两样。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市摆货，其余的都是白天9点到5点“无所事事”，晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间。要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？这样还可以挣些酒钱。“我不想在酒吧工作，我上的是综合性中学，我拼命读书才考上了一所好大学。到了大学，我又埋头苦读，才得到一个好学位。可现在我却跟那些没上过大学的朋友处在同一个水平线上，他们整天给客人倒酒，干无聊的活。我觉得自己好像兜了一圈，又回到了原来的起点。他的母亲杰奎琳·古德温为他辩护。她坚持认为她的儿子已经尽力了，她自己中学毕业后一直都在工作，可是她和她的丈夫发现，建议儿子如何继续找工作是件很棘手的事情。她说，“我一直都必须工作。现在找工作很难，因为如果你有了学位，学位就会为你提供新的机会，至少你自己会这么想。”虽然现在她对儿子的态度还比较温和，但是她心里很清楚，去南美度三星期的假之后，他的休假就结束了。他可能还得付房租，分担家庭开支。她说，“在某个时候他们总该长大成人，我们已经帮了他们交了大学的学费，所以他们也该给我们一点点回报了。南美度假就是一个分水岭，他回来以后如果找不到工作，那就打圣诞节零工好了。”心理治疗师盖尔·林登费尔德是《情感康复策略》的作者。她说古德温家长的说法是很恰当的，从上大学到工作的转换对孩子和父母来说都很艰难，关键是他们要在支持理解孩子和不溺爱孩子之间取得平衡。“父母的主要任务就是支持他们，如果他们教导孩子该如何做就会引起矛盾，”她说。“如果有熟人，一定要找他们想办法。但很多父母心太软了。必须限制孩子的零花钱，要求他们交房租，或分担日常生活或养宠物的花销。父母要过正常的生活，不要让孩子随便用你们的银行卡或者榨干你们的情感能量。”为他们支付职业咨询费、面试交通费及书费是好事，但不能催得太紧。林登费尔德建议：虽说父母不能太宽容，但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折，父母应该体谅他们，宽容他们几天甚至几周——这要看他们受打击的程度来决定。等他们缓过来之后，父母就该坚决要求孩子继续求职。男孩更容易困在家里。林登费尔德相信男人比母亲和姐妹更容易帮助他们的儿子、侄子、或朋友的儿子。她说，由于男人和女人处理挫折的方式不同，孩子们需要跟男人谈话，才能度过难关。她强烈支持他们去酒吧工作：那是克服毕业冷漠症的一剂良方。这工作好不好要取决于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的时候，林登费尔德找到了她的第一份工作，当航拍助手。她说在酒吧工作是拓展人际关系的绝好机会，肯定比赖在家里看电视更容易找到工作。她说：“给超市上货也一样。如果干得好，你就会被人发现的。如果你聪明、活泼，对顾客彬彬有礼，你很快就会升职。所以，把它看作是机会，那些最终能成功的人士都有在超市上货的经历。”你的儿子或女儿可能不会干好莱坞影星们干过的活，比如像乌比·戈德堡那样去停尸房给死人化妆，或者像布鲁斯·威利斯那样在核电站当警卫，但即便是布拉德·皮特也曾经不得不穿上宽大的鸡套装站在墨西哥快餐连锁店ElPolloLoco的门口招揽生意。他们中没有一个人因为这些经历而变得越来越穷。Activereading(2)依我看依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。我那时还不想出去工作。我的意思是，我并不是个中途辍学者，但我知道自己以后可能不得不退学。许多人认为“生活不是野餐”，“没有免费的午餐”。但既然我拿到了优等生文凭，我想我应该继__续攻读硕士学位。实际上，我已经瞄上了伦敦经济学院的课程，这是一所顶尖的学校，能给我的履历表增添一段光彩的经历。但当我跟妈妈谈起这件事时，她说她没法继续供我上学了。我大概能理解她的心情，这不仅仅是因为我学的是经济学。15年来，为了能让我上学，她含辛茹苦。这些年来，父亲大部分时间都不在家。就算在家，他也没钱。他把钱都拿去赌狗、喝酒了。我听了妈妈的话，向命运低下了头。依我看，不管人们说什么，幸运的是世上还是有很多好心人。麦克就是其中的一个。大学毕业时，我想如果我回家，妈妈会觉得她有责任照顾我。所以，我就收拾行李去伦敦找工作。我想找金融和投资方面的职位，因为你知道这样我就可以用上我的专业知识。可是那时候已经没有这样的工作了，我又不愿意做乏味的办公室工作，复印文件、端茶倒水什么的。无论你走到伦敦的什么地方，你都能找到一个好酒吧。有一天，我意识到这个城里没有人会雇我，我走进位于特荷街的索尔兹伯里酒吧去喝一杯，顺便吃点东西。店主麦克正在店里，他一只手倒酒，一只手做三明治，同时还洗酒杯。他真的好像有三只手。他好像也认识所有的客人，叫得出常客的名字。他跟他们打招呼，帮他们调好酒后问一句：“今天还喝这个，是吧？”我觉得他看起来蛮酷的，他在做着他最擅长做的事情：为那些口渴的顾客服务，没人能比得上他。所以我就走上前去问他要不要雇人。好吧，长话短说，某个周五的午餐时间我开始在那个酒吧打工。这份工作要求很高，但我喜欢干。顾客好像觉得我挺逗乐的，这也让我感觉好一些。有位穿西服的中年常客总要半品脱苦啤酒，一份火腿泡菜三明治，面包皮要消掉。他叫托尼。我一看见他进来，不等他开口就开始准备他的午餐，他也是那些好心人之一。依我看，一个人没钱的时候花钱最容易。我开始琢磨怎么花第一个月的薪水了。我住的公寓房租很贵，我挣的钱刚够支付第一个月的大笔账单，但是我估计还能剩点钱好好犒劳一下自己。我想，何不买张CD或买盆花草装点一下房间？发工资的那天正好是我的生日，除了麦克和托尼，我在伦敦就没有别的朋友了。如果你知道我那时还没有男朋友，你就会理解我为什么觉得对不起自己了。我给自己定了些鲜花，让卖花的人附上一张卡片，上面写道：“给你我所有的爱。无名氏”。我生日那天最精彩的瞬间就是送花人到达公寓时大惑不解的眼神。那周晚些时候，托尼像往常一样来了，在酒吧里坐下。“你怎么了？今天怎么不见你笑啦？”我跟他聊了……嗯，差不多什么都跟他说了：钱、硕士学位、生日等等。他很同情我。托尼离开搁脚凳和旁边几个人说话。记住：索尔兹伯里酒吧是在市中心，这里所有的顾客都在银行、保险或证券市场工作。第二天，他拿着几张价值共2万英镑的支票来到酒吧，他对我说：“这是给你的创业贷款，你唯一的贷款担保是我对你的信任，相信有一天你赚了钱会把钱还给我们。如果你还不了钱，那就太糟了，金融生意就是这样。但是，我相信你还得了。”我没说话，我怕我自己要哭了。世上这么好的人能有几个？那些花怎么处理？我叫花店改送到妈妈那里去了，我生日那天鲜花正好送到她家。她最该得到这些鲜花，不是吗？依我看，回顾这些年的经历，我发现人一辈子只需要一两次的转折就能成功。就算吃苦受累也不要紧，那还是值得的。在索尔兹伯里酒吧干了一年之后，我去了伦敦经济学院深造。拿到硕士学位之后，我在一家投资银行找到了一份工作。我把那两万英镑投进了证券市场，在2008年金融崩盘之前卖掉了所有的股票。我把托尼和其他投资者的钱还了，付给他们10%的年息，并成立了自己的公司。公司的生意好得超乎意料，至今还红红火火。托尼给我写了一封感谢信。他出了车祸，现在不能走路了。我还给他的钱正好可以用来改造房子，房子改造后他就可以坐着轮椅在家里自由活动了。下面是他信里写的话：“我从事银行业35年来最好的投资就是给你的这笔贷款，你连本带利地偿还了贷款，我对你的信任和你的诚实都获得了百倍的回报。依我看，在人身上投资能带来你最希望看到的回报。”依我看，他说得对。你说呢？Unit2Activereading(1)Danger!BooksmaychangeyourlifeCulturepointsLewisCarroll(1832–1898)isthepen-nameofCharlesDodgson.Hewasapriest,amathematicianwhotaughtatOxfordUniversity,aphotographer,humoristandwriterofchildren’sliterature.Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland(1865)wasimmediatelysuccessful,amasterpiecewhichrevolutionizedchildren’sliterature,givingcoherenceandlogicthroughwitandhumourtounlikelyorimpossibleepisodesinwhichimaginarycreaturesembodyrecognizablehumancharacteristics.HeisalsoknownforThroughtheLookingGlassandwhatAlicefoundthere(1871)andnonsensepoems,suchasTheHuntingoftheSnark(1876).WilliamCowper(1731–1800):anotableEnglishpoet,writerofhymnsandletter-writer.Hewrotegentle,pious,directpoemsabouteverydayrurallifeandscenesofthecountrysidewhichhavebeenseenasforerunnersoftheRomanticmovement:ColeridgecalledCowper“thebestmodernpoet”.HetranslatedHomer’sGreekepics.TheOdysseyandTheIliadintoEnglish.Anotherexampleofhisverseswhichhavebecomecommonsayingsis“Godmovesinmysteriousways,Hiswonderstoperform…”JohnSteinbeck(1902–1968):AmericannovelistwhowasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1962.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)isawell-known,longtragicnovelaboutanAmericanfamilyoffarmerswhoaredrivenofftheirlandinOklahomabysoilerosioninthefamous“dustbowl”era.TheyfleetoCaliforniatowhattheyhopewillbeabetterlife.ThebookwonthePulitzerPrizeandwasmadeintoafilmin1940.Otherwell-knownnovelsincludeOfMiceandMen(1937),CanneryRow(1945),ThePearl(1947),EastofEden(1952)andanaccountofapersonalrediscoveryofAmerica,TravelswithCharlie(1962).JohnIrving(1942–):AmericannovelistandscreenwriterwhotaughtEnglishatcollegeandwasawrestlingcoach.TheFourthHand(2001)isacomic-satiricalnovelaboutaTVjournalist,Wallington,whosehandisseenbymillionsofviewerstobebittenoffbyacircuslion.Asurgeongiveshimahandtransplant(athirdhand)butthewifeofthedeaddonorwantstovisitherhusband’shandandhaveachildbyWallington,whofeelswherehisoriginalhandusedtobe(thefourthhand).AudreyNiffenegger(1963–):Americancollegeprofessorwhoteacheswritingtovisualartistsandshowsstudentshowtomakebooksbyhand.Herfirstnovel,TheTimeTraveller’sWife(2003)–filmedin2009–isasciencefictionandromancebestselleraboutamanwhotravelsuncontrollablyintimetohisownhistoryandvisitshiswifeinherchildhood,youthandoldage.Hiswifeneedstocopewithhisabsencesanddangerouslifewhilehetravels.Thestoryisametaphorfordistanceandmiscommunicationinfailedrelationships.PaulTorday(1946–):aBritishbusinessmanwhoworkedforacompanythatrepairedship’senginesformanyyears.SalmonFishingintheYemen(2007)washisfirstnovel.ItisapoliticalsatireandcomedyaboutadullcivilservantwhobecomesinvolvedinaplantopopulatethedesertwithScottishsalmon.Politiciansmanagethemediato“spin”thisasaplantheysupportinordertodivertattentionfromproblemsintheMiddleEast.Therearethemesofcynicismandbelief,andEast-Westcultureclashes.AleksandrSolzhenitsyn(1918–2008):aRussianwriterwhowasimprisonedinSovietlabourcampsin1945;aftereightyears,hewasexiledtoKazakhstanandnotfreeduntil1956,whenhebecameateacher.In1970hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturebutnotreceiveituntil1974.HewenttoGermany,SwitzerlandandtheUSA,returningtoRussiain1994.Hisbestknownnovelswerebasedonhisexperiencesasaprisonerandinclude:OneDayintheLifeofIvanDenisovich(1962),CancerWard(1968),TheGulagArchipelago(1974–1978).HislaterworkswereaboutRussianhistoryandidentity.GrahamGreene(1904–1991):aBritishnovelist,short-storywriter,playwright,travelwriterandessayist.Hewroteanumberofthrillers(hecalledthem‘entertainments’)whichdramatizeanambiguousmoraldilemma,oftenrevealingguilt,treachery,failureandathemeofpursuit.Greenewasalsoafilmcriticandallofthesenovelshavebeenmadeintofilms:BrightonRock(1938),ThePowerandtheGlory(1940),TheHeartoftheMatter(1948),TheThirdMan(1950),TheQuietAmerican(1955),andOurManinHavana(1958).E.M.Forster(1879–1970):aBritishnovelistandwriterofshortstoriesandessays.HelivedatdifferentperiodsinItaly,EgyptandIndiaandtaughtatCambridgeUniversity.HisbestknownnovelsincludeARoomwithaView(1908),Howard’sEnd(1910),APassagetoIndia(1924)whichhaveallbeenmadeintofilms.Hiswritingaboutreadingandwritingincludesabookoflectures,AspectsoftheNovel(1927).ThomasMerton(1915–1968):anAmericanCatholicwriter,whowasaTrappistmonkinKentucky.Hewroteover70books,includingmanyessaysaboutBuddhismandatranslationintoEnglishoftheChineseclassic,ChuangTse.HehadagreatdealtosayaboutthemeetingofEasternandWesternculturesandwrotemanyletterstowriters,poets,scholarsandthinkers.HereadalotinEnglish,Latin,FrenchandSpanishandsaidhealwayshadatleastthreebookswhichhewasreadingatanyonetime.WilliamBlake(1757–1827):aBritishpoet,artistandmystic,whoreadwidelyinEnglish,French,Italian,Latin,GreekandHebrew.HemademanyengravingstoillustratetheworkofsuchwritersasVirgil,DanteandChaucer,aswellashisownpoems.Hestressedthatimaginationwasmoreimportantthanrationalismandthematerialismofthe18thcenturyandcriticizedtheeffectsoftheindustrialrevolutioninEngland,buthisworkwaslargelydisregardedbyhispeers.HeisbestknownforhispoetryinSongsofInnocence(1787)andSongsofExperience(1794).Hisbeliefintheonenessofallcreatedthingsisshowninhismuch-quotedverse,“Toseetheworldinagrainofsand/Andaheaveninaflower,/Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand/Andeternityinanhour.”CliftonFadiman(1904–1999):anAmericanwriter,radioandTVbroadcasterandeditorofanthologies.Forover50yearshewasaneditorandjudgefortheBook-of-the-MonthClub.In1960hewroteapopularguidetogreatbooksforAmericanreaders,TheLifetimeReadingPlan,whichdiscusses133authorsandtheirmajorwork:the1997editionincludes9authorsfromChina.J.K.Rowling(1965–):BritishwriterofthesevenHarryPotterfantasybooks.ShestudiedFrenchandClassicsatExeterUniversity,beforeteachingEnglishinPortugalandtrainingtoteachFrenchinScotland.ThemainideaaboutaschoolforwizardsandtheorphanHarryPottercameonadelayedtrainjourneyfromManchestertoLondonin1990.ShebegantowriteassoonasshereachedLondon.TwelvepublishersrejectedthefirstbookbeforeBloomsbury,asmallLondonpublisher,agreedtopublishit.Laterbookshaverepeatedlybrokenallthesalesrecords(ashavesomeofthefilms).SheisoneoftherichestwomenintheUKandanotablesupporterofmanycharities.Languagepoints1Variety’stheveryspiceoflife,/Thatgivesitallitsflavour…(Para2)Spicesaremadefromplantsandaddedtofoodtogiveititsparticularflavourortaste.TheEnglishproverb“Varietyisthespiceoflife”(theproverbcomesfromCowper’spoem)thereforemeansthatvarietygiveslifeextravalueandallowsyoutoappreciatelifeinparticularways.2Welearntolookbeyondourimmediatesurroundingstothehorizonandalandscapefarawayfromhome.(Para3)Thismeansthatthroughreadingwelearntolookbeyondourimmediateexperienceorfamiliarenvironmenttothingsbeyondourimmediateexperience,ietocompletelydifferentthingsthatwecanimagineandexperiencethroughbooks.3Whenabaseballplayerhitsahomerunhehitstheballsohardandsofarhe’sabletorunroundthefourbasesofthediamond,andscorepointsnotonlyforhimselfbutfortheotherrunnersalreadyonabase.(Para9)IntheAmericangameofbaseball,thefieldofgrassisdiamond-shapedandhasfourbases(specificpointsmarkedaroundthediamond),roundwhichplayersmustruntoscorepoints.Oneteambats(ieteammemberstaketurnstohittheballandrunroundthebases)andthemembersoftheotherteamthrow(pitch)theballand,whenitishasbeenhit,trytocatchitorgetitquicklytooneofthefourbases.Ifabattingplayercanhittheballhardenough,hecanrunroundallfourbasesbeforetheotherteamcangettheballandthusscoremaximumpoints–withahomerun.Inthepassage,areallygoodbookisahomerun.3Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhyarewelikeAliceinwonderlandwhenwereadabook?(a)Because,likeAlice,weoftenhaveaccidents.(b)Becausereadingmakesusfeelyoungagain.(c)Becausereadingopensthedoortonewexperiences.(d)Becausebooksleadusintoadreamworld.2Accordingtothewriter,whatistheadvantageofreadingoverreallife?(a)Thereismorevarietyinbooksthaninreallife.(b)Wecanexperiencevarietyanddifferencewithoutgoingoutofthehouse.(c)Thepeoplewemeetinabookaremoreinterestingthanrealpeople.(d)It’shardertomakesenseofreallifethanabook.3WhatdothesevennovelslistedinParagraph4haveincommon?(a)Theirtitlesstimulateimagination.(b)TheyrepresentthebestwritingbyBritishandAmericannovelists.(c)Theyhavebecomeclassics.(d)Youcanfindalloftheminanylocallibrary.4Atwhatmomentinourlivesdobooksbecomeimportant?(a)Assoonaswestartreading.(b)Whenwestartbuyingbookstofillourshelvesathome.(c)Whenwestartlisteningtobedtimestories.(d)Onlywhenwearereadyforbooks.5WhatclaimdidMertonmakeaboutthepoemsofWilliamBlake?(a)TheyweresimilartotheworksoftheGreekwritersandthinkers.(b)Theyhelpedhimunderstandthemeaningoflife.(c)Theycreatedasenseofconfusion.(d)Theytaughthimalotaboutmodernculture.6Whatismeantbyahome-runbook?(a)Abookwhichissogoodyouareunabletoputitdown.(b)Abookthatthewholefamilycanenjoy.(c)Achildren’sbookthatisreadandappreciatedbyadults.(d)Abookthathitshardlikeahomeruninthegameofbaseball.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tomakesomeonefeelthattheydonotbelongtoyourgroup(exclude)2tofailtodosomethingthatyoushoulddo(neglect)3tomentionsomethingasanexample(cite)4tobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething(withstand)5inmostsituationsorcases(normally)6tobeabouttohappeninthefuture(await)5CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.WhenIlivedinBritain,oneofmyfavouriteradioprogrammeswascalled“DesertIslandDiscs”.Theformatwasalwaysthesame:Guestcelebritieswereaskedtoimaginetheyhadbeenwashedashoreonadesertisland,andhadtochooseninebooks–(1)excludingtheBibleandShakespeare,whichtheywerealreadyprovidedwith–totakewiththemtotheisland,tohelpthem(2)withstandthephysicalandmentalisolation.IsometimesliketothinkwhichbooksIwouldtake.(3)Normally,likemostpeople,Idon’thavemuchtimeforreading,andIcould(4)citedozensofbookswhichIhaveneverreadbutwhichIwouldliketo.It’sanopportunityIhave(5)awaitedallmylife,infact.ButwhatwouldIchoose?Mostlynovels,probably,butIwouldn’t(6)neglecttoincludeavolumeortwoofpoetry.Myfirstchoice,Ithink,wouldbeTolstoy’sWarandPeace.I’veneverreadit,butI’mreadytobelievethatitisoneofthemostmarvelousbookseverwritten.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.1Inagoodnovel,thewriterandreadercommunicatewitheachother.(interact)2Ihavetofaceuptotheproblemsoonerorlater.(confront)3IreadthebookinonesittingandMarydidtoo.(likewise)4E.M.ForsterwasoneofthemostimportantandrespectedBritishnovelistsofthe20thcentury.(influential)5Doyoubelievethataworkofliteraturecanactuallyleadtosocialchanges?(induce)6RobertBurnswasagreatpoetwhowroteinthelanguagevarietyspokeninScotland.(dialect)7TheTimeTraveller’sWifeisthestoryofamanwhohasastrangeandinexplicablegeneticdisorder.(mysterious)7Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Ifyouhavehadadisconcertingexperience,doyoufeelabit(a)tired,or(b)confused?2Ifyouhaveavistaofsomething,canyou(a)seeorimagineit,or(b)goandvisitit?3Wouldyouexpressgreatwrathby(a)smilingatsomeone,or(b)shoutingatthem?4Ifyoufeelenchantedbyabook,doyou(a)likeitalot,or(b)notlikeitatall?5Isawriterwhoissupremelytalented(a)verygood,or(b)quitegoodathisjob?6Ifreadingfostersanunderstandingofcertainproblems,doesit(a)helpunderstanding,or(b)preventit?7Ifyouaredesperatelytryingtogetajob,areyou(a)tryingveryhardtogetit,or(b)caringlittlewhetheryougetitornot?8Isasensation(a)acertainty,or(b)justafeeling?Activereading(2)TheywerealiveandtheyspoketomeBackgroundinformationThisisfromTheBooksinMyLifebyHenryMiller(1861–1980),anAmericannovelist,writerandpainter.MillerwasborninNewYork,livedinParis1930–1939,andtheninCalifornia.Hisbest-knownworksblendfiction,autobiography,socialcriticismandmysticism:TropicofCancer(1934publishedinFrance)describeshislifeandlovesinParisandbecauseofitssexualfranknessitwasnotpublishedintheUSAtill1961;BlackSpring(1936)hastenautobiographicalstories;TropicofCapricorn(1939)isabouthisyearswiththeWesternUnionTelegraphCompany;TheColossusofMaroussi(1941),consideredbysomecriticstobehisbestwork,isatravelbookaboutpeoplefromhisstayinGreece.InTheBooksinMyLife(1969)Millerlooksat100booksthatinfluencedhim.Hislistincludeschildren’sbookswrittenoriginallyforadults(egAliceinWonderland,TheArabianNights,GreekMythsandLegends,RobinsonCrusoe,TheThreeMusketeers);manyFrenchnovelsandpoetry(egbyBalzac,Hugo,Giono,Nerval,Proust,Rimbaud,Huysmans,Maeterlinck),Germannovels(byMann,Hesse,Dreiser)andtheChineseLaoTseandFenollosa’sTheChineseWrittenCharacterasaMediumforPoetry,besidesworkbyAmericanwriters(Twain,Emerson,Thoreau,Whitman),Dostoievshy,Nietzsche,Joyceandwritersonspiritualtopics.CulturepointsAugustStrindberg(1849–1912):ASwedishplaywrightandaprolificwriterofnovels,shortstories,satires,essaysandpoems,andaphotographer,whotriedvariousjobsbeforebecomingassistantlibrarianattheRoyalLibraryinStockholmandestablishedanexperimentaltheatre.Heisbestknownforhisplays,includingTheFather(1887)andMissJulie(1888),andforhisvitality,vigour,andbrilliantuseoflanguage.MillercitesStrindberg’sautobiographies,TheConfessionofaFool(vol.2),apassionatelovestoryandaccountofproblemsinhismarriage,andTheInferno(vol.3),astudyofhisreligiousconversion,delusionsandneuroseswhichreflectStrindberg’speriodsofmentalinstability.BlaiseCendrars(1887–1961)isthepennameofFrédéricSauser,aSwiss-bornFrenchnovelist,shortstorywriter,poet,andfilm-maker,wholedalifeofconstanttravel(hewasborninanItalianrailwaytrain)doingvariousjobsinRussia,Europe,NorthandSouthAmericaandAsia–heissaidtohaveshoveledcoalonsteamtrainsinChina.HelosthisrightarmfightingforFranceinWorldWarI.Hisproseincludesvivid,witty,action-packednovels,likeMoravagine(1926),whichdescribetravelandadventure,orworksdirectlyinspiredbyhisownexperience,likeTheAstonishedMan(1945)andTheCutHand(1946),andfourvolumesofmemoirs.Milleradmiredhisworkandlists‘virtuallythecompleteworks’ofCendrarsasinfluentialreading.RémydeGourmont(1858–1915):aFrenchwriterof50books:essays,novelsandpoetry,withastronginterestinmedievalLatinliterature;asacritichewasadmiredbyT.S.Eliot.HewasalibrarianattheNationalLibraryinParis;later,apainfulskindiseasekepthimlargelyathome.Hewasinfluentialinthesymbolistmovementinliterature.Heclaimedthataworkofartexistsonlythroughtheemotionitgivesus.Heassertedtheneedtogetawayfromtheunquestioningacceptanceofcommonplaceideasandassociationsofideas,andbelieveditwasnecessaryforthoughttoproceedbyimageryratherthanbyideas.JuliusCaesar(110BC–44BC):aRomanstatesman,knownasagreatmilitarystrategist.AsageneralhewasfamousfortheconquestofGaul(modernFranceandBelgium)whichheaddedtotheRomanEmpire.HealsomadetwoexpeditionstoBritain,wasgovernorofSpainandtraveledinNorthAfricaandEgypt.HewasagoodspeakerandhewroteseveralbooksofcommentariesandmemoirsonRomanwarsandmilitarycampaigns.Caesar’swritingisoftenstudiedtodaybythosewholearnLatin.TheJuliusCaesarofliterature:thisphrasecomparesCendrarswithCaesar:bothweremenofaction,travelers,adventurers,explorers,whosomehowfoundtimetoreadalotandwritebooks.Languagepoints1Thefact,however,thatinthepastIdidmostofmyworkwithouttheaidoflibraryIlookuponasanadvantageratherthanadisadvantage.(Para1)Thisisirony.Milleriswritingabouttheimportanceofreadingandaboutkeybooksinhislife,butthereisaparadox:Onlyrecentlyhashebeenabletogetallthebookshehaswantedallhislife(iehenowhasmoney,asabest-sellingwriter,tobuybooks)and,asawriter,hewrotebookswithoutthehelpofalibrary.Hesaysthatnothavingbookswasanadvantage.TheexplanationisprobablythatMiller’searlywritingwasamixtureofautobiographyandfiction,sohedidn’tneedtoreadotherbooksorrefertothemtodohisownwriting.Theironyisthatheissayingthisinabookaboutthebookstheinfluencedhim.2Agoodbooklivesthroughthepassionaterecommendationofonereadertoanother.(Para3)Millerthinksthatagoodpartofthe‘life’ofabookishowonereaderrecommendsittoanotherwithenthusiasm,iebooksareaboutsharingexperience,notjusttheauthor’sexperienceinthebookandthereader’sexperienceofreadingit,butalsotheexperienceofword-of-mouthorface-to-facerecommendationbyotherreaders.3Andthebetterthemanthemoreeasilywillhepartwithhismostcherishedpossessions.(Para4)ThiscontinuesMiller’sthoughtthatbooksareforsharing.Agoodpersonwillsharethingsheorsheloves.Inthiscase,suchapersonwillgiveorlendfavouritebooksandsuchgenerositymakesfriends:Whenyougivebooksyougetfriendship.4Ifyouarehonestwithyourselfyouwilldiscoverthatyourstaturehasincreasedfromthemereeffortofresistingyourimpulse.(Para6)Miller’sargumenthereisthatyoushouldnotreadeverything,butthatyoushouldchooseverycarefullyandselectively.Thismeansyoushouldresistthetemptationtoreadsomethingswhicharenotreallygoingtoaddtoyourknowledgeorenjoyment(noteverybookwilldothis,onlysome).Here,hesaysthatinthisway,wegrow(we“increaseourstature”).Thatis,wegrowbynotreadingmanybooks.Theimplicationisthatifwechoosetheverybestbooksandreadthesefewreallycarefullywewillgetthebestfromthem–andgrowbysuchselection.Millerdiscusses100bookswhichhethingsaresuchbooks.5Allontheside,asitwere.(Para7)Cendrarswasamanofactionwhospentmostofhistimeontravelsandadventures.Surprisingly(youwouldthinkhedidnothavetime),hereadalotindifferentlanguagesandevenwrotemanybooks–thiswasinadditiontohismainactivities.6For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.(Para7)Cendrarshadahugereputationasamanofaction,travelling,havingadventuresandexploringdifferentcountriesandyethereadalot(heknewhowtousethelittletimeavailabletoread).“Waste”isinquotestoshowirony(readingisn’tawasteoftime),thathereadsinaroyalmanner(ieverythoroughly).ThesentencestructurehereisquiteFrenchwiththerepetitionof“he”.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhatdoesMillerconsidertohavebeenanadvantageduringhiswritingcareer?(a)Tohavebeenabletoreadallthebookshewanted.(b)Tohavegrownupinaroomfullofbooks.(c)Tohavewrittenwithouttheaidofalibrary.(d)Thefactthatheneverwantedtoownanybooks.2WhatdidthreestarsonabookmeaninthepubliclibraryinMiller’syouth?(a)Youngpeopleweren’tallowedtoreadthem.(b)Theywerethemostpopularbooksinthelibrary.(c)Theywereintendedforchildren.(d)Theyweremoreexcitingthanone-starbooks.3WhydoesMillerhopethestarsystemstillexistsinpubliclibraries?(a)Itisanefficientsystemwhichworkswell.(b)Itdiscouragespeoplefromreadinginappropriatebooks.(c)Itmakespeopleinterestedinreading.(d)Itmakesiteasierforpeopletorecognizebooks.4Whydopeoplelendbooks,inMiller’sopinion?(a)Becausetheyfeeltheneedtosharetheirfeelings.(b)It’sthebestwaytomakeafriend.(c)It’slessriskythanlendingmoney.(d)Becauseit’snotpossibletopossessabookforever.5AccordingtoMiller,whatshouldyoudowhenyoufindabookyouwanttoread?(a)Pickitupandstartreading.(b)Askafriendforadviceaboutthebook.(c)Thinkaboutwhetheryoureallyneedtoreadit.(d)Onlyreaditifitisoriginal.6WhatdoesMillerespeciallyadmireaboutBlaiseCendrars?(a)Hehadaveryadventurouslife.(b)Hewasagreatwriter.(c)Heknewwhattodowithhistime.(d)Hereadaswellaswrotealot.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1thequalityofbeingnew,interesting,anddifferentfromanythingthatanyonehascreatedbefore(originality)2theprocessofputtingpeopleorthingsintoparticulargroupsaccordingtothefeaturestheyhave(classification)3tomakeanorganizedanddeterminedattempttodealwithaproblem(tackle)4tomakesomethingbetterormoreenjoyable(enrich)5adifficultyorproblemthatpreventsyoufromachievingsomething(obstacle)6tosinkunderwateranddie(drown)7notbeingused(idle)8asuggestionthatsomeoneorsomethingisespeciallysuitableorusefulforaparticularsituation(recommendation)9tomakealotofefforttoachievesomething(strive)4CompletetheconversationwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.AProfessorRidgeway,you’vejustwrittenabiographyofthepoetShelley,who(1)drownedoffthecoastofItalyin1822inasailingaccident.Asyouremindusintheintroduction,people’sliveshavebeen(2)enrichedbypoetryforthousandsofyears.What(3)recommendationcouldyoumaketoayoungpoetwhoisjustbeginningtheircareer?BThattheyshouldalways(4)strivetobethemselves,andnottoworryabout(5)originality.Oncethey’vefoundtheirownvoice,itwillbeoriginalinitsownway,becauseeveryoneisunique.ASoyoudon’tbelieveinthe(6)classificationswhichlabelpoetsas“romantic”or“modernist”andsoon?BIdo,buttheyhavelimitedvalue.AWhatdoyouthinkisthemain(7)obstaclefacingyoungpoetstoday?BIthinkitistoacceptthatyoucannotbeproductiveallthetime.Apoet’smindisnever(8)idleandwaitingfortherightmomentispartofthecreativeprocess.Allotherproblemsarerelative,andcanbe(9)tackledwhenyougettothem.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Ifeltdepressedandlackinginconfidenceafterreadinghiscriticismofmynovel.(demoralized)2HenryMiller’sTheBooksinMyLifeisabout,asthenamesuggests,thestoryofhislife.(autobiographical)HenryMiller’sTheBooksinMyLifeis,asthenamesuggests,autobiographical.3Shakespearehadanextraordinarytalentasawriter,whichiswithoutcomparisoninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.(prodigious;unparalleled)4Somepeoplelooktoabookforpleasureratherthanforunderstanding.(enlightenment)5TheexperimentinbanningalcoholdrinksintheUnitedStatesactuallyledtoanincreaseincrime.(prohibiting)6I’mnotsureifitistotheiradvantageforreaderstoreadthisreviewbeforetheystartthebook.(advantageous)7Miller’sTropicofCancerwas,withoutdoubt,oneofthemostinfamousnovelsofthe20thcentury.(indubitably)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomeonemakesaconfession,dotheytellyousomething(a)personalandsecret,or(b)whicheveryoneknows?2Ifsomeonewhetsyourappetiteforsomething,dotheymakeyou(a)desireforit,or(b)dislikeit?3Ifyouwadethroughpilesofdocuments,doyou(a)readordealwiththem,or(b)justignorethem?4Ifyouhavetoforegosomething,doyou(a)finishitquickly,or(b)dowithoutit?5Issomeonewhohasbusinessacumen(a)goodatbusiness,or(b)withoutanybusinessskills?6Isarepetitivejoboneinwhichyoudo(a)differentthings,or(b)thesamethingeveryday?7Ifyoudosomethingontheside,doyoudoit(a)inadditiontoaregularactivity,or(b)wherenoonecanseeyoudoit?Readingandinterpreting7Answerthequestions.1Whatisthefirststrugglethathehaswithbooks?Miller’sfirststruggleistoobtainbooksandgethishandsonthem.2Whyisitdifficulttolayhandsonthem?ThebooksarenotinthepubliclibrarybecausesomeonehasalreadyborrowedthemandMillerdoesn’thavethemoneytobuythem.3Whatsortofbooksareprohibitedforayoungman?Bookswhichareconsideredtobeimmoralforayoungpersontoread.4Whatisthebestwaytobeintroducedtoabook?Throughthepassionaterecommendationofsomeonewhohasreadthebook.5Whatisanunusedbooklyingonashelfcomparedwith?Itiscomparedwithwastedammunition.Thismeansthatitisuseless.Itisalsocomparedtomoneybecauseitshouldbeincirculation.6WhydoesMillersuggestresistingyourimpulsesandnotopeningabookassoonasyougetit?Hesaysyoushouldthinkintenselyaboutthetitle,author,andlikelycontents,imaginingwhatyouwouldhavewrittenyourselfaboutit.Thenyoumaydecideyoudon’tneedtoreadit,or,ifyoudoreadit,youwillreaditwithmoreinterestandacumen.Languageinusewordformation:-ous1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1awriterwhohasachievedfame(famous)2readerswhoshowcuriosity(curious)3someonewhofeelsenvy(envious)4aregionwhichisfullofmountains(mountainous)5aparcelwhichhasaverylargevolume(voluminous)infinitive/gerundasthesubjectofasentence2Completethesentencesusinginfinitiveorgerundasthesubject.Usuallybothformsarepossible,butyoushouldbeabletojustifyyourchoice.1Gettingupearlyinthemorninggivesmemoretimetoorganizetheday.(Toexpressaneverydayactivity)2Towriteabest-sellerhasalwaysbeenmydream.(Thisisabitmoreabstractorafar-awaygrandidea)3Forgettingtotakebackalibrarybookmaynotseemserious,butitcausesproblemsforotherstudents.(Toexpressanormalactivityformanypeople)4Tospendalotoftimereadinginone’schildhoodcanbringrewardslaterinlife.(Usethemoreabstractformforanimportantidea)5Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.(InShakespearethiscanbeinterpretedasagrandidea,soheusestheformalway;ifyousay,‘Beingornotbeing…’ismaybemoreimmediateandseemsnormal–butinHamletthesituationisnotnormal)suchis/are…3Rewritethesentencesusingsuchis/are…1Goodwritingissopowerfulthatthereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Thereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Suchisthepowerofgoodwriting.2ThenovelSalmonFishingintheYemenissocharmingthatyoucan’tputitdownevenforamoment.Youcan’tputSalmonFishingintheYemendownevenforamoment.Suchisthecharmofthenovel.3Travelissuchapleasurethatyoumayenduplivinginanothercountry.Youmayenduplivinginanothercountry.Suchisthepleasureoftravel.4Thesenseofconfusioninthisfilmissogreatthatyoumayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Youmayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Suchisthesenseofconfusioninthisfilm.5Thedifficultiesoftranslationaresoenormousthatmuchofthemeaningislost.Muchofthemeaningislost.Suchistheenormityofthedifficultiesoftranslation.if/whetheritbe…4Rewritethesentencesusingif/whetheritbe…1Isittherighttimetostartthiskindofproject?Askyourselfcarefully.Askyourselfcarefullywhetheritbetherighttimetostartthiskindofproject.2IsitthefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary?Iverymuchdoubtit.IverymuchdoubtifthisbethefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary.3IsitcommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis?I’mnotsure.IamnotsureifitbecommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis.4Isitnecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication?Perhapsweshouldinquire.Perhapsweshouldinquirewhetheritbenecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication.5Isittherightwaytotackletheproblem?Idoubtit.Idoubtifitbetherightwaytotackletheproblem.collocations5Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1confrontThiswordusuallymeanstodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whicharethemostimportantproblemswehavetoconfrontintoday’sworld?Thiscouldbealonglist!I’dsay:globalwarming,pollution,watershortages,extremeweatherconditions,localmilitaryconflicts,poverty,famineandhunger,unemployment,tonameonlyafew.(b)Wereyouconfrontedbyanyoneaskingforsomethingonyourwaytoclasstoday?Nottoday,butafewdaysagoIwasconfrontedbysomeoneaskingformoney–whichIdidn’tlikeatall.(c)What’sthebiggestcrisisyou’veeverbeenconfrontedwith?TheproblemthatmygrandfatheriselderlyandhasAlzheimer’sdisease:Heneedsconstantcarebecauseheforgetsordinarythings.Itisdifficultformyparentsandformebecausewealltaketurnstolookafterhim.IrealizedwhatthiswasreallylikewhenIhadtolookafterhimforaweekendwhenmyparentswereaway,butIdiscoveredIhavealotmorepatiencenow.Soperhapsthiscrisishashelpedustodevelopsomegoodqualities,althoughitisactuallyaverydifficulttimeforallofus.2idleThiswordusuallymeansnotbeingused,lazy,orwithoutanyrealreasonorpurpose.(a)Ifsomeoneisidlebynature,whatdon’ttheylikedoing?Theydon’tlikedoingworkorotherthingsthattheyshoulddobutwhichtheydon’tlikedoing.(b)Ifmachineryisidle,whatisn’titdoing?Themachineryisnotbeingused.(c)Ifsomeonepicksupabookoutofidlecuriosity,dotheyhaveastrongmotivationtoreadit?Notreally,theyjusthaveaslightcuriositytoseewhatthebookis,buttheyhavenorealinterest.(d)Ifsomeonemakesyouanidlethreat,doyoutakeitseriously?No,youdon’tbecauseyouknowthatthethreathasnorealpurpose.3tackleThiswordusuallymeanstochallengesomeoneorsomething,ortomakeanattempttodealwithaproblem.(a)Whatarethemainissuesthegovernmentneedstotackleinthenearfuture?Well.Isupposethereareseveralissueswhichneedtobetackled,includingrisingpricesandemploymentinsomeplaces,orsomesocialproblemsinafewareas.(b)Howdoyoutacklesomeoneabouttheirideasandopinions?Iaminclinedtobedirectandsimplyaskthemabouttheiropinionsandideas.IthinktheywilltellmehonestlyiftheybelieveIamreallyinterestedinwhattheythink.(c)Ifyoutacklesomeoneinagameoffootball,whathaveyoumanagedtodo?Youhavemanagedtogettheballawayfromthemsothatyourteamcankeeptheballforamoment.4withstandThiswordusuallymeanstobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething,ortobeabletodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whatsortofdefencescanwithstandadirectattack?Towithstandadirectattackyouneedstrongdefenceswhicharewellplaced.(b)Whatsortofclothesallowyoutowithstandthecoldinwinter?Towithstandthecoldinwinter,youneedthick,warmclothes.(c)Canyouwithstandthepressureofhavingtoproduceregularassignmentsonyourcourse?Yes,Ican.Actually,ourteachersgenerallygiveusourassignmentsatintervalsandweusuallyknowwellinadvancewhatweshould.Soaslongasyougetonwiththework(anddon’tleaveituntilthelastminute!)thepressureisnottoobadandwecanmanage.6TranslatetheparagraphintoChinese.Indubitablythevastmajorityofbooksoverlaponeanother.Fewindeedarethosewhichgivetheimpressionoforiginality,eitherinstyleorincontent.Rarearetheuniquebooks–lessthan50,perhaps,outofthewholestorehouseofliterature.Inoneofhisrecentautobiographicalnovels,BlaiseCendrarspointsoutthatRémydeGourmont,becauseofhisknowledgeandawarenessofthisrepetitivequalityinbooks,wasabletoselectandreadallthatisworthwhileintheentirerealmofliterature.Cendrarshimself–whowouldsuspectit?–isaprodigiousreader.Hereadsmostauthorsintheiroriginaltongue.Notonlythat,butwhenhelikesanauthorhereadseverylastbookthemanhaswritten,aswellashislettersandallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenabouthim.Inourdayhiscaseisalmostunparalleled,Iimagine.For,notonlyhashereadwidelyanddeeply,buthehashimselfwrittenagreatmanybooks.Allontheside,asitwere.For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.Heis,inasense,theJuliusCaesarofliterature.（几处倒装句应灵活处理，以体现原文语气。everylastbookthemanhaswritten等于allthebookshehaswritten。注意这段话的逻辑关系。Ifheisanything,heisamanof…一句中的if从句起强调作用，说明他不是一个书生或思想家，而是一个行动家。此处需灵活翻译。）不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世上，像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的，他不仅读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何大量“浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学届的凯撒大帝。7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.1张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时，他感慨不已：他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍，而他却只读了一些教科书，其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。ItwasnotuntilafterhehadgraduatedfromuniversityandstartedtoworkthatZhangLeibecameawareofthepleasureofreading.Reflectingonhisundergraduatestudies,helamentedthathe,unlikehisclassmateswhohadimmersedthemselvesinvariousinterestingbookstheywereabletolayhandsonfromthelibraryorbookshop,hadonlyreadtextbooks,noneofwhichwasreallyworthwhile,orcouldbereadinonesitting.Hewasdeprivedoftheprivilegeofgainingaccesstothewriters’fantasticworldsthroughthewindowstheirbookshaveopened,sotospeak.2如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景，帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活的真谛。(reflecton;inonesitting;layhandson;immersein;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)Nowhehasbecomeanavidandomnivorousreader.Itisasifhewantstomakeupforthosemarvelousbookshehadn’thadachancetoreadinhisuniversitydays.Bynow,inhissparetime,hehasreadseveralhundredsofbooks,includingnovels,biographiesandtravelnotes.Herealizesthatbookscannotonlyrevealtohimthevistaofahopefulfutureandhelphimwithstandstressesandstrains,theycanalsohelphimclearupsomemisconceptionsanddiscoverthetruemeaningoflife.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)危险！书可能会改变你的人生刘易斯·卡罗尔书中的爱丽丝不小心掉到兔子洞里，在那里发现了一个神奇的仙境。当我们打开一本书时，我们也会像爱丽丝那样走进一个全新的世界。我们能从一个年长人的角度，或通过一个孩子的眼睛来观察生活；我们可以周游世界，遍访现实生活中从没想过要访问的国家和文化；我们可以体验未曾经历过的事情，这些事情有时令人不安，也许引人入胜；可能是不愉快的也可能是令人痛苦的，但无论如何都至少能把我们从现实世界中解放出来。英国诗人威廉·考珀（1731–1800）说，“变化是生活的调味品，它让生活变得有滋有味。”虽然他没有说在什么地方以及怎样才能找到变化，但我们知道他说得对。我们知道我们生活在一个充满变化与差异的世界里，我们知道人们的生活方式各不相同，人们过日子的方式不同，做不同工作，有不同信仰，持不同观点，有不同的风俗习惯，操不同语言。通常，我们不知道这些差异的大小，但一旦发生了不平常的事情并引起了我们的注意，这种变化或差异与其说是机会，毋宁说是威胁。读书让我们能够安全地享受和庆贺这种变化与差异，为我们提供成长的机会。在家里安详平和的环境中与他人的生活互动，这是阅读小说才享有的特权。我们甚至感觉到——哪怕只是在那一瞬间——我们和异文化读者的共同点要多于我们和家门口随便碰到的一个人的共同点。我们学会把目光移出我们周围的环境，投向天边，去领略一下异域山水。如果我们怀疑读书是否能给我们力量的话，我们就应该麻烦自己去一趟当地的图书馆或书店，或者，如果我们足够幸运的话，从家里的书架上取一本书来读一读。我们会惊奇于古今小说的标题所创造出来的壮观景象：约翰·斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》、约翰·欧文的《第四只手》、亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴的《癌症病房》、厄内斯特·海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》、格雷厄姆·格林的《哈瓦那特派员》、奥黛丽·尼芬格的《时间旅行者的妻子》、保罗·托迪的《到也门钓鲑鱼》。一旦开始阅读，我们就必须思考我们在书中读到的别样人生。每一本书都有自己的语言、方言、词汇和语法。我们不见得总能理解其中的每一个字、句，但不管我们是痴迷其中，还是觉得被排除在外，我们的情感被调动起来了。尽管在地理上有一定的距离，但其他民族、其他文化未必就离我们那么遥远。在书里我们可能遇见生活在不同气候、有不同信仰、来自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一条街上的邻居，我们都有可能只在书上相识。小时候，在我们刚刚能听讲的时候，书对我们的生活方式就产生了很大的影响。从父母给孩子读的睡前故事一直到成年后家中摆满书柜的客厅，书界定了我们的人生。英国作家E.M.福斯特（1879–1970）暗示书对我们具有另一种更加神秘的支配力。他写道：“我认为能影响我们的书籍是那些我们已经准备要读的书，它们只是在我们已经选定的道路上走得比我们更远一些而已。”合适的书好像自己就会在恰当的时候找到我们，出现在我们面前，而不是我们去寻找那本书。美国修士、牧师及作家托马斯·默顿（1915–1968）曾经被记者一连串地问了7个问题：说出你最近读完的3本书；你正在读的3本书；你打算要读的书；对你有影响的书，并解释为什么；一本每人都要读的书，并解释为什么。关于对他有影响的书，他列出了《威廉·布莱克诗集》、古希腊思想家和作家写的各种戏剧以及一些宗教作品。当被问及这些书为何会影响他时，他回答说：“这些书——还有其他类似的书籍——帮助我找到了人生的真谛，它们把我从生活的困惑和空虚中解脱出来。销售就是一切的文化培育了人的需求和被动，而那种生活就深陷其中。”__那么，你又会如何回答这些问题呢？1947年，克里夫顿·费迪曼发明了“全垒打书籍”这个词。当一个棒球手打出一个全垒打时，因为击球有力、打得远，他有时间跑完整个棒球场内的四个垒，不仅自己得分，而且帮其他各个垒的跑垒者得分，这是棒球赛里最有趣和最开心的事情。同样，一本“全垒打书籍”指的不是儿童的第一次读书的经历，而是指他们第一次读到一本能给他们带来极大的愉悦和满足感的书、痴迷到手不释卷的经历。对世界上数以亿计的儿童来说，“全垒打书籍”的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列小说。作为成年人，我们总在寻找自己的“全垒打书籍”，不是第一次，而是一次又一次地寻找。所有一口气读完一本小说的人都会记得那种令人期待的愉悦和满足感，并会焦急、固执、有时甚至疯狂地寻求重复体验这种感觉。我们想周游另一世界、会见不同国家不同民族的人、经历别样人生并自我反省，我们无法遏制这样的渴求。危险！书可能会改变你的人生。这就是读书的力量。Activereading(2)它们是活生生的，它们在跟我说话我坐在一间小屋子里，屋子的一面摆满了书。这是我头一次有闲功夫和一堆书这样的东西打交道。所有的书加起来最多不超过500本，但大多数是我自己挑的。自打我开始写作生涯以来，我这是第一次坐拥我一直渴望拥有的这么多书籍。事实上，我过去的大多数工作都不依靠图书馆，我把这看成是优点，而不是缺点。与读书产生联想的头一件事就是我为获取图书展开的斗争。请注意，不是拥有它们，而是要把它们搞到手。一旦对书产生了激情，我就要面对重重困难。公共图书馆里我要借的书总是被借出去了，当然，我又总是没钱买书。我那时只有十八、九岁，要想得到社区图书馆的批准借阅类似斯特林堡写的《痴人的忏悔》这样的“不道德”的书是不可能的。在那个年代，年轻人禁读的书都根据官方认定的违背道德的程度被贴上了星星—一颗星、两颗星、三颗星。我猜想，这种做法至今依然存在。我也希望如此，因为我知道，没有任何别的方法比这种愚蠢的分类和禁止更能吊起读者的胃口。是什么让一本书有了生命力？这个问题经常从我脑子里冒出来！我觉得答案很简单：一本书之所以有生命力，是因为读者满怀激情地推荐它。这是人的基本冲动，什么都阻挡不了。不管愤世嫉俗者和人类厌恶者持何种观点，我相信人们总是会尽力分享自己感触最深的经验。书是人类最为珍爱的几样东西之一。人越好，就越愿意与他人分享自己的珍藏。躺在书架上无人翻阅的书就像是废弃的弹药。书和钱一样要流通起来，要最大限度地借书、借钱！尤其要多借书，因为书所代表的东西比钱要多得多。书不仅是朋友，它还可以帮你交朋友。当你在精神上、心灵上拥有一本书的时候，你的人生就变得丰富多彩。当你把书传给别人的时候，你的人生就倍加丰富。说到这里，有一种抑制不住的冲动让我向大家提出一条无偿的忠告。那就是：尽量读得少而精，不是越多越好！哎，我也着实羡慕那些在书堆里埋头读书的人。我私下里也确实想尽力读完所有内心里一直想读的书。但是，我知道这并不重要，我知道我读过的书中只有不到十分之一是我需要读的。人生中最难办到的事情莫过于学会只做有益于自己的康乐、对自己的康乐至关重要的事情。我是经过慎重考虑才提出这个宝贵的忠告的，有一个高招可以核实它的对错。当你碰到一本你想读或觉得该读的书的时候，先把书搁下，放几天再说。但你要使劲琢磨这本书，仔细琢磨书名和作者的名字，想想如果让你来写这本书，你会写些什么。认真地问自己是否有必要把这本书纳入自己的知识库或娱乐储备。尽力想象一下，放弃这份额外的乐趣或启迪对你将意味着什么？之后，如果你觉得__你必须读这本书，那么观察一下你在“啃”这本书的时候是否表现出非凡的洞察力。同时你也观察一下：即便这本书很诱人，它也许并没有给你带来什么新的东西。只要坦诚对己，你就会发现：只要抑制住自己的冲动，你的境界就提高了。不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世上，像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的，他不仅读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何大量“浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学届的凯撒大帝。Unit3Activereading(1)BackgroundinformationFashionisgenerallydividedintosubsectors:menswear,womenswear,sportswearandstreetwear,hosiery(socks,tights,stockings),formalwearandcasualwear.Fashionandthechoiceofwhatclotheswebuyandwearisinfluencedbyourbeliefs,attitudesandpersonality.Butthispassageshowsthatthestockmarketcanalsobeaninfluence.CulturepointsTheCaliforniangoldrush(1848–1855)wasaperiodofrapidmigrationofminersandotherworkersintoCaliforniafollowingthedramaticdiscoveryofgoldintheSierraNevada.ItledtothesettlementofCalifornia.SwingingLondonisatermthatdescribesfashionandculturaltrendsinmusicandthemediainmid-1960sBritain,especiallyLondon.Iconsofthetimeincludedtheminiskirt,theminicar,thefirstsupermodelslikeTwiggy(whowasfamousforbeingverythin)andfashionableshoppingstreetsforclothes(likeCarnabyStreetandKingsRoadinLondon).Thehippiemovementbeganintheearly1960sinCaliforniaandspreadinternationally.Hippieshadareputationforsocialrebellion(egwithdrugsandsexualbehaviour)andalternativelifestyles(egincommunes).Theytriedtofindanewwayoflifewhichvaluedpeace,individuality,andreligiousandculturaldiversity.Themovementinfluencedpopularmusic,TVandfilm,literatureandthearts.Hippiefashionsincludedlongfullskirts,bell-bottomedjeans,home-madeandtie-dyedgarments,theuseofflowerdesigns(whichrepresentedpeaceandlove),andinfluencesfromnon-Westernculturesinheadscarves,headbands,braceletsandlongbeadednecklaces.Thepunkperiodfeaturesfashionsthatexpressedangeragainstsocietyandincludedbrightlycolouredhair,rippedclothesandstuddedbelts.TheNewRomanticswasayouthfashionmovement,developedin1960sinLondon.Itisstronglyassociatedwithmusic,whichwasinspiredbyhistoricalperiods,especiallytheEnglishRomanticMovement.Fashionshadadramatic,flamboyantlookwithlusciousfabrics,looseshirtswithfrillsandshortshirtcollars,unfolded,withtopbuttonsunfastenedandusingmonotonecolours.Powerdressingisastylishandperhapsexpensivewayofdressing(usuallyforbusiness,theprofessionsorpolitics)whichisintendedtogivetheimpressionthatthepersonwearingtheclothesisassertiveandcompetent,throughtheuseofstructuredshapes,shoulderpads,smartfabrics,highheelsandcleancutstylingintheformofworkuniform.Whetherwearingparticularstylesofclothingempowersthewearerorwhethernewly-empoweredpeoplesimplywearclothesthatreflecttheirachievementsisanopenquestion.MiamiVicewasaclassic1980sTVcrimedramaabouttwodetectiveswhogoundercovertofightdrugtraffickers.Theseries–andthe2006film–wasnotedforitsstronguseofmusicandvisualeffects;ithasbeenrebroadcastaroundtheworld.DuringthefiveyearsofmakingthisTVseriestheproducersexplicitlysoughttheadviceofdesigners(egGianniVersace,HugoBoss)inordertodisplaythelatestEuropeanfashiontrends,withtheresultthatMiamiVicehadasignificantinfluenceon1980smen’sfashionintheUSAandelsewhere,andevenonthe2000srevival(itwascalled“retro”or“retrospectivestyle”).TheclothingstyleoftheTVdetectives,SonnyCrockettandRicoTubbs,hadpastelcolouredT-shirtsandsuits,nosocks,sunglasses,andanunshavenappearanceofasmallamountofbeardstubble.HeavymetalmusicisakindofrockmusicthatdevelopedintheUKandUSAinthelate1960sandearly1970s,characterizedbyloudness,speed,distortedamplifiedsoundsandextendedguitarsolos.Converseisacompanywhichhasproducedbasketballshoessince1917,especiallytheChuckTaylorAllStarstrainers(oftenabbreviatedto“Chucks”or“Cons”),namedafterthebasketballplayerwhocontributedtothedesignandwasthecompany’sbestsalesman.Nikeisaleadingsupplierofsportswearandequipment.ThisAmericancompanystartedmakingNikeshoesin1971.TheyarenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.Thestockmarketindexesshowtheperformanceofthestockmarket,typicallyreflectingtheriseandfallofthesharesoflargecompanies,egtheFTSE(also“footsie”)isanindexofthetop100companieslistedontheLondonstockexchangeandtheNikkei225isanindexofthestockmarketinTokyo.Languagepoints1Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960to2010canoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors:theubiquitousjeansand...(para1)Thewordubiquitousmeanspresenteverywhere.Thustheubiquitousjeansmeansthatjeanscanbefoundeverywhere.2Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.Aneconomicboomisasuddenincreaseintrade,businessactivityanddevelopmentinaparticularareaorregion;aneconomicbustisabusinessfailureorbankruptcybecauseoflackofmoney.Theexpressioneconomicboomandbustdescribescyclesinwhichaboomperiodofgrowth,highproductionandrisingpricesisfollowedbyeconomicdecline,contractionandunemploymentbeforeanewcycle.3Whenevertheeconomicoutlookisunsettled...(para2)Theeconomicoutlookisunsettledmeanstheeconomyisunstable,thatis,theeconomyhasproblemsandislikelytochangesuddenly,makingpeopleuncertainaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.4ItwasgivengreaterrespectabilitywhenthegreatFrenchdesigner,Courrèges,developeditintoanitemofhighfashion.(para4)Forawhiletheminiskirtwascontroversialandnotrespectablebecauseitshowedalargeextentofthewearer’slegs,butwhenCourrègesdevelopeditinParisfashionshows,thisgaveapprovalandsupport,becausetheminiskirtcouldbeconsideredanitemofhighfashion(havinghighstatusfromaParisfashionhouse).5...butthepredominantcoloursbecameolivegreenandoatmeal.(para10)Predominantcoloursrefertothemostcommoncoloursorthosewhichseemmoreimportantorpowerful.6...whichweredescribedbyonecommentatoras“theprimandproperlookisin…”(para11)Afashionisinwhenitisaneworcurrentstyle,oroutwhenitisout-of-date.7Duringthewholeperiod,fashionstyleshaverangedwidely,andhaveusuallybeensparkedoffbyadesiretoidentifypeopleasbelongingtoaparticularsub-culture.(para14)Duringthewholeperiod,therehasbeenawiderangeofdifferentfashionstyles,whichwereusuallystartedbypeople’swishtoshowtheiridentityinawaythatwouldmakethemdistinctfromtheresetofsociety.VocabularysupportThefollowingaresometermsrelatedtoclothingthatappearinthepassage.Understandingofthesetermsmayhelpwithreadingcomprehensionofthepassage.Hemlinereferstothebottomedgeofadressorskirt.Itshowsthelengthofwomen’sskirtsanddresses–thislengthchangesaccordingtofashion.Denimisathickcottoncloththatisusuallyblueandisusedespeciallytomakejeans.ThenamecomesfromFrenchDeN?mes(“fromNimes”,acityinthesouthFrance).SuchclothwasmadebothinFranceandEnglandinthe17thcentury.ThewordjeanscomesfromGenoa.Sailorsfromthe17th-centuryrepublicofGenoaworkedinFranceandworetrousersmadeofamixofcotton,linenand/orwoolwhichwasmadenearTurininItaly.Bleachedjeanswerealsofashionable.Theyhadbeenthefashionofthe17th-centurysailors,whosetrouserslosttheircolourwhentheywerewashedinseawaterandwereexposedtothesun.Therearevariousdifferentfitstojeanswhichincludebaggy,boot-cut,flares,wideleg,twistedandskinnyjeans.Miniskirtisaveryshortskirtofmid-thighlength.Amicrominiskirtisshorter,uptotheupperthigh;amidiisaskirtwithamoderatelengthbelowtheknee,perhapsmid-calflength;amaxiisanankle-lengthskirt.Apairsoftightsisapieceofwomen’sclothingthattightlycoversthefeetandlegsuptothewaist;stockingsonlycoverthefeetandlegs,andareheldupwithsuspenders.Flareisashapethatbecomeswideratoneend.Aflared“bell-bottom”stylereferstotrouserswithflaredlegs–theygetwidertowardsthefootandtheendisevenwider,likeabell.Apreppystylemeanswearingclassicdesignerclotheswithgoodfabricstopresentaneat,smart,well-balancedappearancewithbrightcoloursandacleanlook.Apreppylifestyleishappy,friendlyandsociable,withgoodmanners.Thewordpreppyisanabbreviationofpreparatory,whichreferstoprivateorboardingschoolswhicharepreparationforcollege,whichreflectsthestyleofapreppylook.Chinosaretrouserswhichareatypeoflight-weightcottonclothmadeofchinoclothortwill,atypicalformofsmartbutcasualdress.Ahoodispartofacoatorjacketthatcoversyourhead;ahoodie(orhoody)isajacketorsweatshirtwithahood.Primclothesareneat,sensibleandproper,showingverylittleofyourbody.Primandproperfashionsarecareful,modest,formalanddemure,arespectablestylewhichwouldn’toffendanyone.Lycraisalightclothmadefromartificialfibersthatstretchesandkeepsitsshape.Loafersarelowleathershoesthatyousliponandoffanddonotneedtotie.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Whathappenedonthefashionsceneinthe1950s?(a)BluejeansarrivedinEuropeandAsia.(ThishappenedandtheywereworninEuropeandAsia“withhugeenthusiasm”.)(b)Americanyouthstartedwearingjeans.(c)TheFrenchstartedtomanufacturejeans.(d)Americanwomenstartedtoweartrousers.2Whatdowomenwanttododuringaneconomicboom?(a)Showlessoftheirlegs.(b)Showmoreoftheirlegs.(Yes,itseemsthereisadirectcorrelation:astheeconomybooms,hemlinesrise.)(c)Buyshortskirts.(d)Selltheirshares.3Whatdidthetightshelptopromoteinthe1960s?(a)TheFrenchfashionindustry.(b)Stockings.(c)Theminiskirt.(Yes,becausewithouttightsthetopsofstockingswouldshowsinceminiskirtshadmuchhigherhemlines.)(d)TheBeatles.4Whatwaspopularinthemid-1980s?(a)Cleanshavenfaces.(b)Longhair.(c)Denimjeansandjackets.(Yes,thepassagesays“denimremainedpopular...heavymetalmusicfanswore...jeansanddenimjackets.)(d)Shortskirts.5Whatwasfashionableinthe1990s?(a)Designerjeans.(b)Dyedhairandtrainers.(Yes,bothofthesearespecificallymentionedforthe1990s.)(c)Tightjeansandshorthair.(d)Clotheswithbrightcolours.6Whathappenedinthefallof2007?(a)Hemlinesanticipatedaglobalcrisis.(Yes,thisiswhathappened,whichwasunusualaccordingtothepreviouscorrelationthathemlinesfollowedtheeconomicsituationratherthanproceedingoranticipatingit.)(b)Women’sskirtsgotshorter.(c)Therewasacrisisonthestockmarket.(d)Designersbegantolosetouchwithreality.3Matchthephotoswiththesentencesfromthepassage.Photo1(a)Photo2(d)Photo3(g)Photo4(b)Photo5(e)Photo6(f)Photo7(c)Photo1:1960sPhoto4:mid-1960sandearly1970sPhoto3:1970s,theperiodofpunkPhoto2:mid-1980sPhoto5:late1980sPhoto7:1990sPhoto6:2001Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1abletobeseen(visible)2tothinkorguessthatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis(underestimate)3verybraveanddetermined(courageous)4anurgent,difficultordangeroussituation(crisis)5themostcommonorgreatestinnumberoramount(predominant)6newanddifferentinawaythatmightoffendorupsetsomepeople(daring)5CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.Atatimeofglobal(1)crisis,whenstockmarketsarefallingacrosstheworld,weshouldnever(2)underestimatetheabilityoffashiondesignerstosurpriseusbybringingsunshineintopeople’slives,andavoidingthe(3)predominanttrendofgloomandpessimism.ThisiscertainlytrueofthefashionindustryinBrazil.In2009,whentheeffectsofthefinancialsituationwere(4)visiblealmosteverywhere,topdesignerslauncheda(5)daringnewcollectioncombininghighhemlines,lownecklines,andlotsofcolour.Asonecommentatorwrote,“Youcancallita(6)courageousdecisionifyoulike,butit’salsoaquestionofBraziliansdoingwhatcomesnaturallytothem.”6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.1Ifwedon’tactsoon,thesituationwillgetworse.(deteriorate)2I’mafraidmytrousersgottornwhenItriedtoclimboverthatfence.(ripped)3Youneedthickpiecesofmaterialonyourkneesandelbowsifyougorollerblading.(pads)4Accesstotheshowislimitedtojournalistswithpresspasses.(restricted)5TheDowJoneslistofstocksandsharesfellanother40pointsyesterday.(index)6ThatwasthemostworryingpieceofnewsI’dheardinalongtime.(unsettling)7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isaubiquitousitemofclothingsomethingyoucanfind(a)everywhere,or(b)onlyinrestrictedcircles?2Doesbustrefersto(a)economicgrowth,or(b)financialfailure?3Ifafashionitemissoldexclusivelyinboutiques,canyoufindit(a)indepartmentstorestoo,or(b)innoothershopsapartfromboutiques?4Isabacklasha(a)strong,or(b)weakreactiontosomething?5Doesaglamorouspersonlooks(a)attractive,or(b)unattractive?6Ifyouarelavishwithyourmoney,doyou(a)spendmoneywithcare,or(b)spendmoneyverygenerously?7Ifyoubleachapairofjeans,doyou(a)add,or(b)removeitscolour?8Isawomanwhoisprimandproperismorelikelytowear(a)amicrominiskirt,or(b)aknee-lengthskirt?9Ifamodelisskinny,isshe(a)verythin,or(b)overweight?Readingandinterpreting8Lookatthepassageandfindtheformalequivalentsofthefollowingsentences.Identifytheformalfeaturesintheoriginalversions.1Historianswritingaboutfashionbetween1960and2010alwaysrefertotwoconstantfactors.Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960to2010canoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors.2...youngpeopleboughtthemandworethementhusiasticallyastheyrecognizedthemasasymboloftheyoung,informalAmericanwayoflife....theywereboughtandwornwithhugeenthusiasmbyyoungpeopleandrecognizedasasymboloftheyoung,informalAmericanwayoflife.3Manypeoplehavenoticedtheclosecorrelationbetweenthelengthofwomen’sskirtsandtheeconomy.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthereisaprecisecorrelation,withonlyafewexceptions,betweenthelengthofwomen’sskirtsandtheeconomy.4Hemlinesriseandfallwiththestockmarket.Asthestockmarketrises,sodohemlines,andwhenitfalls,sodothey.5Nobodyreallyknowswhywomenwanttoshowmoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbust.Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.6Thedevelopmentoftights,insteadofstockings,contributedtotheinternationalsuccessoftheminiskirt.Butitwouldnothaveachievedsuchinternationalcurrencywithoutthedevelopmentoftights,insteadofstockings,becausetheriseinhemlinesmeantthestockingtopswouldbevisible.Activereading(2)Eco-jewellery:seaglassBackgroundinformationThisisanarticlefromTimesOnlineof27thSeptember,2008,byAnnaShepard,ajournalistwhowritesacolumncalled“Eco-worrier”.ShespeaksontheradioandTVaboutgreenissuesandhaspublishedabook,HowGreenAreMyWellies:SmallStepsandGiantLeapstoGreenLivingwithStyle.Shelikestheideaofrecyclingglassfromtheseatomakejewellery.CulturepointsLibertyhasbeenawell-knowndepartmentstoreincentralLondonsince1875,sellingfashions,cosmetics,luxurybrandaccessoriesandgifts.CapeTownisthecitywiththesecondlargestpopulationinSouthAfrica.IthasafamousharbourandnotablelandmarksliketheTableMountainadCapePoint.SeahamBeachisnearSunderlandandDurham,inthenorthofEngland.Ithasacenturies-oldtraditionofglass-making,notablyinthe19th-centuryVictorianerawhenworkersdumpedleft-overglassintothesea.Multi-colouredseaglasscanbefoundthere.Languagepoints1...sidlingupanddowninthesurf...(para1)Tosidlemeanstomoveslowlyinaparticulardirection,usuallybecauseyouarenervousordonotwanttobenoticed.Cowenmovesslowlyonthebeach,lookingforseaglass,goingupanddowninthewavesoftheseaastheymoveandfallontothebeach.2...I’veburntmyshoulders...(para1)Shehasbeenwalkingonthebeachforhoursinthesun,sohershouldersareredandsorefromtoomuchsun(sunburnt).3Thereisnohardandfastrule...(para3)Thereisnofixedrule.Theprocesscanchange.4...butsheworksmostlytocommission...(para5)Peopleaskhertoproducespecificwork(piecesofseaglassjewelry),forwhichtheywillpay.Sheiscommissionedtodothis.5...ahugeglasscabinetthatpresideoverherstudio.(para5)Topresideoversomethingmeanstobeinapositionofpowerwhileimportanteventsorchangesaretakingplace.Here,thisisametaphortoshowthecentralpositionofthecabinetinthestudio.6Thecreationofseaglassisaformofrecycling,butmorethanthat,itisanexampleofnaturecompensatingforman’sfolly.(para8)Peoplewerefoolish–theybehaveinastupidandcarelesswaytothrowglassrubbishintothesea.Butnaturehascompensatedforthisbyslowlymakingtheglassintobeautifulpieces.7Althoughnooneconsideredtheconsequencesofhurlingglassintothesea…(para10)Tohurlmeanstothrowsomethingusingalotofforce;tochuckmeanstothrowsomething,butnotnecessarilywithforce(tochucksomethingawayortochucksomethingoutusuallyreferstothroughawayunwantedobjectsorrubbish);todumpmeanstogetridofsomethingorplaceitsomewherecarelessly,notnecessarilythrowingit–butdumpingrubbishcanbethesameasthrowingitaway,probablyinthewrongplace.8Today’sresponsibleattitudetoitsdisposal,revolvingaroundrecyclingwherepossible,isvastlysuperior,butitsignalstheendofthesea-glassera.(para10)Today,peoplehaveamoreresponsibleattitudetowastedisposalandglassisusuallyrecycled–thisisverymuchbetterthanthrowingglassintothesea.However,thisresponsibleattitudesendsamessagethattherewillbenoseaglassinthefuture.9Itseco-credentialslendseaglassfurtherappeal…(para12)Itseco-credentialsreferstotheecologicalbackgroundoftheseaglass.Thatbecauseseaglasswasthrownawayasrubbish,butitisnowbeingrecycledasjewelleryitisqualifiedtohaveagoodenvironmentalreputation.10Gold’smurkyreputationfordamagingtheenvironmentintheextractionprocessandthediamondindustry’spoorhumanrightsrecordplayintothehandsofdesignerswhohavechosentoworkwithamaterialthatputsawasteproducttouse.(para12)Gettinggoldfromtheearthandseparatingitfromothermetalsoftendamagestheenvironment.Anditalsoinvolvesdishonestactivities,sogoldextractionhasa“murky’reputation”.Thediamondindustryalsohasapoorreputationbecausemanyworkersaretreatedverybadly.Whatpeoplebelieveabouttheseprocessesareexactlywhatdesignersofseaglassjewellerywanttoavoid,sothattheygainanadvantageinthejewellerymarketbecausetheyrecyclematerials.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhathappenswhenGinaCowengoeslookingforglassonabeach?(a)Shegetsbittenbycrabs.(b)Shegetsburnt.(Yes,shesayssheburnshershoulders.)(c)Shealwaysfindsabetterpiecethanthelasttime.(d)Shefindstimepassesslowly.(No,“sheloseshersenseoftime”meansthattimepassesveryquicklysosheisnotconsciousofhowitpasses.)2Whyisredglassspecialcomparedtoothertypesofglass?(a)It’ssmoother.(No,seaglassofanycolourcanbesmoothovertheyears.)(b)It’sprobablyolder.(Yes,Cowensaysthereisastrongchancethatitcouldbecenturiesold.)(c)It’smorebeautiful.(d)It’shardertofind.3WhatdoesCowendowithmostofthejewelleryshemakes?(a)Shesellsittoprivatecustomers.(Yes,thepassagesays“sheworksmostlytocommission”.)(b)Sheexhibitsitingalleries.(c)Shekeepsitinherroom.(d)ShesellsitinaLondonshop.(Well,someofherdesignsweresoldinLondonLiberty,butshesellsmostofherdesignsprivately.)4WhendidCowengetinterestedinseaglass?(a)Whenshewroteanarticleaboutitforanewspaper.(b)Whenshesawacollectioninaglasscabinet.(c)WhilewalkingalongabeachinSouthAfrica.(Yes,shefoundsomeglassthereandstartedacollection.)(d)WhenshefoundoutabouttheVictorianglassindustry.(No,shefoundoutaboutthislaterinBritain.)5Wheredoesthebestseaglasscomefrom?(a)SouthAfrica.(b)LibertyinLondon.(c)FijiandMajorca.(Cowenhasgoodseaglassfromtheseislands,butitseemsthatthebestisfromBritishbeaches.)(d)BeachesinEngland.(Yes,SeahamBeachinBritainisher“favouritehuntingground”andherVictoriansea-glasscollectionfromBritishbeachesis“moststunning”,sotheimplicationisthat,forCowen,Britishbeachesarewherethebestseaglasscomesfrom.)6Whywillseaglassbecomerarerthandiamonds?(a)Peoplewillstopmakingglass.(b)Itwilleventuallybetransformedintosand.(c)Moreandmoreglassisbeingrecycled.(Yes,thismeansthatoldglassismadeintonewglassinsteadofbeingdumpedinthesea.Asaresult,seaglasswillbecomerare.)(d)Peoplewillbepreparedtopayalotofmoneyforit.7Whatdida15-year-oldgirlmanagetodo?(a)ShesoldhercollectionofseaglassoneBay.(b)Shesoldphotographsofhercollectionofseaglass.(No,shetookphotosinordertoillustratethecollectiontohelptoselltheseaglass–shedidn’tsellthephotos.)(c)ShesoldCowensomeseaglassformorethanitwasworth.(Yes,thegirlsolditoneBayandCowensaysshepaidtoomuchforit.)(d)Shecollectedalotofseaglassonaschooltrip.8Whyisseaglassmoreecologicalthandiamondsandgold?(a)Gettingitdoesn’tdamagetheenvironment.(Yes,thepassagereferstoseriousecologicalproblemswithextractinggoldandminingdiamonds,whereasbecauseseaglassiswastematerialcollectingandusingitisactuallyclearingupthebeachenvironment.)(b)Itcanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes.(c)Itisanaturallyoccurringproduct.(No,seaglassdoesnotoccurnaturally.itisglassthathasbeendumpedintotheseabypeopleasrubbish.)(d)Itcanberecycledmoreeasily.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tobecomeortomakesomethingbecomeactive,successful,orpopularagain(revive)2veryimpressiveorbeautiful(stunning)3tohangsomethingfromsomethingelse(suspend)4aformalagreementtogetmarried(engagement)5thewaythatthelevelofthesearegularlyrisesandfallsduringtheday(tide)6tobeinchargeofsomethingortobeinapositionofpower(preside)7theprocessofgettingridofsomething(disposal)8verybright(luminous)4CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.1TocelebrateourengagementwehaddinnerinthebestrestaurantinParis.2Thelampwassuspendedfromanironhookinthemiddleoftheceiling.3Someoneneedstothinkaboutthedisposalofallthesewasteproducts.4I’vebeenaskedtopresideatnextweek’smeetingoftherecyclingcommittee.5Theluminousobjectonthetableturnedouttobemadeofdiamond.6Icouldspendhourshere,justwatchingtheseagullsflyingpastandthetidescominginandgoingout.7Whenshewalkedintotherestaurantshewaswearinganabsolutelystunningdiamondnecklace.8ThePresidentislikelytoproposeastimulusplanthathebelieveswillhelprevivetheUSeconomy.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.1Ihadaperiodoftimeasavolunteerbeforegettingajobinthejewellerytrade.(stint)2Youshouldn’tjustthrowthatrubbishintotheriver!(chuck)3It’ssheerstupidandcarelessbehaviourtogoonusinguptheearth’sresourcesaswearedoing.(negligence)4Ilookedcarefullyatthehorizon,butcouldn’tseeanyonecomingtowardsme.(scoured)5Ithinktheaccidentwasduetothedriver’slackofcare.(folly)6Theremovalofmineralsfromtheearthisusuallyanexpensiveanddangeroustask.(extraction)7Theredkiteisoneofthemostrarelyseenbirdsinthecountry.(elusive)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomeonesidlesuptoyou,aretheymoving(a)quicklyanddeterminedly,or(b)slowlyandcasually?2Isahardandfastrule(a)fixed,or(b)opentointerpretation?3Ifsomeonehasgoodeco-credentials,dothey(a)carefortheenvironment,or(b)shownointerestinit?4Ifsomethinghasamurkyreputation,isit(a)possiblydishonestormorallywrong,or(b)preciousandhighlyrespected?5Ifyouplayintothehandsofsomeone,doyou(a)approveofit,or(b)givethemanadvantage?6Ifyoucondonesomeone’sbehaviour,doyou(a)approveofit,or(b)disapproveofit?7Ifyoupounceontosomething,doyoumakea(a)quickmovementtogetholdofit,or(b)slowmovementtogetholdofit?Readingandinterpreting7Check()thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage.Topaintaportraitofawomanwithunusualpassion.(ThewriterdoeshavethispurposetoshowCowen’sstronginterest.)Todescribetheprocessofmakingjewelleryfromseaglass.(Thisisonepurposealthoughtherearenotmanydetailsaboutthis.)Tomakepeoplethinkabouttheimportanceofrecycling.(Yes,thisisastrongpointinthepassage.)√Amixtureofallthree.(Yes,thewriterseemstohavealltheabovethreepurposeshere.)8Findthequotationsinthepassagewhichillustratetheideas:1whyseaglassisspecial“Ithastheabilitytotransformmagicallyfromsomethingordinarytoluminoustreasureafterastintinthesea.”2whycolourisimportant“Thecolourgivesyouahintofage.”3howathoughtlessactcanhaveahappyending“Thecreationofseaglassisaformofrecycling,butmorethanthat,itisanexampleofnaturecompensatingforman’sfolly.”4whatwillhappentoseaglass“Seaglasswilleventuallyrunour–oneday,itwillberarerthandiamonds.”5themysteriousappealofseaglass“Youcanimaginewhatobjectitmighthavebeen,whereittraveledandhowolditis.”6howalmostanythingcanbemadeintojewellery“Peoplewillfindcreativewaysofworkingwithwhateverisavailable.”Languageinusewordformation:-y1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1ajacketwithaflowerdesign(flowery)2alabelthatsticksontosomething(sticky)3asuitwhichhasratherahighprice(pricy)4hairwhichshines(shiny)',)