Unit13-Grammar-Focus-4C语法讲解

Unit13We’reTryingtoSavetheEarth!GrammarWe’retryingtosavetheearth.PresentprogressiveTheriverusedtobesoclean.usedtoTheairisbadlypolluted.PassivevoiceNoscientificstudieshaveshownthatsharkfinsaregoodforhealth.PresentperfectWeshouldhelpsavethesharks.ModalverbsGrammarFocus一、现在进行时一、定义:表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。强调动作正在进行。二、结构:①肯定句:主语+am/is/are+-ing②否定句:主语+am/is/are+not+-ing③疑问句:Am/Is/Are+主语+-ing三、用法1.表示说话时正在进行的，目前正在发生的动作。时间状语：now,atthemoment,,atpresent,以及当句首出现look(看)或listen(听)表示提醒时,后面的句子也要用现在进行时e.g.Look!Thebirdisflyingaway.看，那只鸟正在飞走。e.g.Heiswatchingamovienow.他现在正在看电影。2、动词come,start,arrive,leave,go叫趋向动词,可用进行时态表将来，表示一种预先的“意图”或“安排”e.g.ManydoctorsareleavingforWuhannextweek.许多医生下周要动身去武汉。3、表示目前一段时间内正在进行，但说话时可能没有进行的动作e.g.IamstudyingChineseontheInternetthesedays.我这些天正通过互联网学习汉语。4、表示反复发生的动作，常与always，allthetime等连用，此时句子常含有说话者的强烈情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表扬”之意e.g.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.他总是为别人着想。(表扬)e.g.Lilyisalwayslyingtoherteachers.丽丽总是跟她的老师撒谎（责备）一、定义:①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。②表示过去发生并且一直持续到现在的动作或状态,主句的谓语用延续性动词。二、结构:主语+have/has（助动词）+done肯定句：主语+have/has+done+其他否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+done+其他一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+done+…？肯定答语：Yes,主语+have/has.否定答语：No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.二、现在完成时三、标志词：already,yet,ever,never,before,uptonow,tillnow,sofar,延续性动词：since引导的短语和句子，for引导的短语。e.g.Hehasn’tcalledsincehewenttoBeijing.他自从去了北京还没有打来过电话。e.g.Ihavealreadyfinishedreadingthebook.我已经读完这本书了。e.g.Ihavenotheardfromhimyet.我还没收到他的来信。四、特殊情况：have/hasbeento“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。一般与表示频率的副词或次数连用。have/hasgoneto“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中,即说话时该人不在现场,e.g.IBeijingtwice.我去过北京两次了。(已经回来)e.g.Mymomthesupermarket.我的妈妈去超市了。(人不在现场)havebeentohasgonetousedto“过去常常”,可使用于各种人称,后接动词原形表示过去存在的但现在已停止的动作或状态。(1)sb.usedtodosth.某人过去常常做某事(现在不再做了)e.g.Iusedtogetupatsixo’clock.我以前六点钟起床。usedtobe+adj.过去曾经……样e.g.Theriverusedtobeveryclean.usedtobe+职业名词过去曾经当过/是…e.g.Hisfatherusedtobeateacher.三、usedto的用法(2)get/beusedto意为“习惯于”,后接动词的-ing形式。e.g.Heusedtoeatallkindsofmeat,butnowhegetsusedtoeatingvegetablesandfruit.他过去常常吃各种肉，但是现在他习惯于吃蔬菜和水果了。练习：Iusedto______athalfpastsix,butnowIamgettingusedto_______atseven.A.gettingup;getupB.getup;gettingupC.gotup;gettingupD.gotup;getupB一、基本用法本身有各种意义,但不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词共同构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态,这类动词叫情态动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式一般是在其后加not，一般疑问句通常将其提到句首。二、表示推测除表示语气外，部分情态动词还可以表示推测四、情态动词情态动词及用法对比：情态动词基本用法表示推测can能，会，可以可能can’t不会，不能不可能must必须，一定肯定musn’t一定不要，禁止may/might可以可能可能性大小：情态动词基本用法例句should“应该”，表示要求或命令，也可以表示劝告或建议Weshouldkeeptheairfresh.shouldn’t“不应该”Weshouldn’twastewater.will“愿意”表示询问、请求，用于疑问句中，常用于第二人称Willyoupassmethebook？would“愿意”表示自愿做或主动提出做某事，如：意志、愿望或决心等JanesaidshewouldnotgowithTom,forshedidn’tlikehim.其他的情态动词及用法:一、英语动词有主动语态和被动语态这两种语态主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者二、结构:主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他1.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+done被做某事2.一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+done被做了某事3.一般将来时的被动语态：will（not）+be+done将(不)会被做某事4.含有情态动词的被动语态：should/must+be+done应该/必须被做某事shouldn’t/mustn’t+be+done不应该/禁止被做五、被动语态三、主动语态变被动语态的注意事项小口诀：宾变主，主变by+宾，谓语动词用被动（be+done）,其他成分不变。练：Finally,thepoliceofficercaughtthethief.(改为被动语态)Finally,thethief________________bythepoliceofficer.wascaught四、易错点：主动语态中有些感官动词（如hear,see,watch,notice等）和使役动词（如make,let等）后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动语态时，要把不定式符号to还原。hear/seesb.dosth.→sb.beheard/seentodosth.makesb.dosth.→sb.bemadetodosth.1.Traintickets___online.Itisconvenient.A.soldB.weresoldC.aresoldD.havesold2.TheEnglishsingingcompetition___sosuccessfullylastweekthatwelookforwardtothenextone.A.holdsB.heldC.isheldD.washeld3.Thesegifts___bychildrenintheirlastsummerholidays.A.madeB.weremadeC.makeD.aremade4.Moremoney___whenweusebothsidesofpaper.A.willsaveB.wassavedC.hassavedD.willbesavedCDBDJoe:__________youever__________(take)partinaenvironmentalproject?Ken:Yes,Ihave.I_____(help)withaClean-UpDaylastyear.Itwas________________(consider)thebiggestclean-upprojectthiscity______ever______(have).Joe:Howmanypeople__________(take)part?Havetakenhelpconsideredtobehadhadhavetaken4a.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Ken:I__________(think)morethan1,000people______________(come)tohelpout.Joe:That’sfantastic!Iguesseveryoneinthiscityis_______(try)toimprovetheenvironment.Ken:Yes,wecan’taffordto___________(wait)anylongertotakeaction!thinkhavecometryingwaitingPeople______thinkthatbigthings______bedonetosavetheearth.Manyforgetthatsavingtheearthbeginswithsmallthings.Forexample,you_______saveelectricitybyturningoffthelightswhenyouleavearoom.You_______alsousereusablebagsinsteadofplasticbags.canwouldcouldhavetoshouldmustmay/mightmaymustcouldcould4b.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriatemodalverbsfromthebox.Ithinkit’sagreatideathatyounow______payforplasticbagsinsomestores.Andinsteadofdrivingtoschoolorwork,you_________rideyourbikeorwalk.Ifit’sfar,you________takethebus.Allthesesmallthings________addupandbecomebigthingsthat_________improvetheenvironment.Let’stakeactionsnow!havetocancanwouldshouldcanwouldcouldhavetoshouldmustmay/might4c.Makealistofthingsthatpeoplecandotohelptheenvironmentanddiscussyourlistwithyourpartner.usepublictransportation(n.交通运输)____________________________________________________________A:Ithinkthateveryoneshouldusepublictransportation.B:Idisagree.It’sdifficultforparentswithyoungchildrentousepublictransportation...