新标准大学英语综合教程4课后答案

('包含综合教程4中的一些课文翻译及习题答案综合教程4课后答案HandoutsandKeytobook4unit1-4Unit1Activereading(1)Lookingforajobafteruniversity?First,getoffthesofaBackgroundinformationAboutthepassage:ThisisanarticlebyanEducationCorrespondent,AlexandraBlair,publishedinSeptember2008inTheTimes,along-establishedBritishqualitynewspaper.InEuropegenerally,andinBritaininparticular,foranumberofyearstherehasbeenarisingnumberofstudentswhogotouniversityandthereforemorenewgraduatesseekingemployment.However,formanygraduatesfindingajobbecameharderin2008–2009becausetheeconomicdownturn–thenarecession–meantthatmanyemployerswerereducingtheirworkforce.Aftertheirfinalexams,somestudentsrestedinthesummerbeforelookingforjobsandthentheyfoundthatitwasdifficulttofindemploymentintheirfieldorattheleveltheywanted.Thearticleaddressestheproblemsofsuchnewgraduateswhomightbestuckathomeandadvisestheirparentstobetherefortheirchildren(ietobeavailableiftheirchildrenwanttotalkabouttheproblemoriftheyneedhelp).Thearticlerecommendsfindingworkinabarorsupermarketratherthansittingunemployedathomesincethisismorelikelytoleadtobetteremploymentlater.Thestyleispartlyofareport,butalsoofahumorouscommentforlightentertainment(seeninthejokeylanguageandproblem-solvingadvicetoparents).Whyfindingajobin2008issodifficultforuniversitygraduates?UniversitiesinEurope,particularlyinBritain,haveexpandedgreatlyinthelastfifteenyears(over45%ofyoungadultsnowgoontohighereducation),sotherearemoregraduateslookingforjobs.Thiscompetitivesituationbecamealotworsein2008onwardswiththecreditcrunchandeconomicdepression,whichmeantthattherewerefewerjobsavailableandariseinunemployment.Thusnewgraduateshavetobeactivetoseekajob,theyneedtofillinmanyapplicationformsandtrytogetjobinterviews:theywon’tfindemploymentbylyingonthesofaathome.Culturepointshonoursdegree:Traditionally,intheBritishuniversitysystem,BAandBSchonoursdegreesareawardedindifferentcategories:afirstclassdegree(writtenusingRomannumbersasI),asecond(dividedintotwosubcategories,writtenasIIiiandIIii,whicharecalled“atwoone”and“atwotwo”),athird(writtenIII)andapassdegree.Mostpeoplegetasecond.Therearealsoordinarydegreeswithmoregeneralcoursesofstudywithoutthesecategories.GenerationYandGrunt:ThemainideahereisthatthereisasuccessionofdifferentgenerationsorcohortsofadultswhocomeintotheworkforceinNorthAmericawhicharegivendifferentinformalnamestocharacterizethem.First,“Babyboomers”wereborninthegreatincrease(theboom)ofbirthsafterWorldWarII(1946–1960),followedby“GenerationX”people(born1960–1980)whoweresaidtobringnewattitudesofbeingindependent,informal,entrepreneurial,andexpectedtogetskillsandhaveacareerbeforethem.“GenerationY”orthe“MillenialGeneration”(born1980sand1990sandbecomingadultinthenewmillenium)arenowmakingupanincreasingpercentageoftheworkforce;theyaresaidtobespoiltbydotingparents,tohavestructuredlives,tobeusedtoteamworkanddiversepeopleinamulticulturalsociety.Inthepassage,thisgenerationisnowbecoming(morphinginto)GenerationGrunt,whichisanironicnamereferringtorepetitive,lowstatus,routineormindlesswork–thismaybetheonlyworkavailabletosomegraduates,whomayhavetotakeveryordinaryjobstogetexperiencebeforetheyfindsomethingmoresuitable.“Grunt”alsoreferstocoarsebehaviourorbadmannersandtothedeepsoundthatismadebyapig;whenpeople“grunt”theyexpressdisgustbutdonotcommunicatewithwords–thismaybehowtheparentsofnewgraduatesthinktheirchildrencommunicatewiththem!AcomprehensivereferstoaBritishtypeofsecondaryschoolwhichbecamepopularinthe1960s.Beforethattherewereacademic“grammarschools”andmoregeneral“secondarymodern”schoolsforthosewhodidnotpassthegrammarschoolentrancetests,butthecomprehensiveschoolsweredesignedforallstudentsinasocialphilosophyofbringingdiversestudentstogetherwhethertheywereacademicornot.Thosestudentswhowenttoacomprehensiveschoolprobablyfeltthathadtostudyparticularlyhard(Iworkedmybacksideoff)togettouniversity,comparedtothosewhowenttogrammarschoolswhereallstudentswereacademic–comprehensivestudentsfelttheyhadtostruggletogettouniversity.ChickensuitThisreferstoalargeyellowcostumethatsomeonewearswhichmakesthepersonlooklikeagiantchicken.Beforehebecameafamousactor,BradPittoncedressedinsuchacostumewhenhehadajobadvertisingforarestaurantcalledElPolloLoco(TheCrazyChicken’inSpanish)–thejobmeantthathehadtowalkaroundthestreetslikeachickentoattractcustomerstocometotherestaurant.Languagepoints1Thosememoriesofforkingoutthousandsofpoundsayearsothathecouldeatwellandgototheoddparty,begantofade.Untilnow.(Para1)Theparentspaidalotofmoneyfortheirson’suniversityfeesandlivingexpenses(sothathecouldeatwell)andforoccasionalsocialevents–atgraduationthesememoriesofmoneyweremostlyforgottenbecausetheparentswereproud.Butnowtheparentsarethinkingofmoneyagainbecausethesondoesn’thaveajobanddoesn’tseemtobeactivelyseekingone.2ThisformerscionofGenerationYhasmorphedovernightintoamemberofGenerationGrunt.(Para2)ThedistinguishedsonofGenerationX(oftheparents’generationwhoworkedhard,gotjobs,andhadgoodcareersandexpectedtheirsontodothesame)haschangedintoamemberofGenerationGrunt–hedoesn’tseemtocommunicatemuch,liesaroundanddoesn’tgetajob(orcanonlydoalowstatusroutingjob).3Ipassedtheexams,butattheinterviewstheyaccusedmeofbeing‘toodetached’andtalkinginlanguagethatwas‘tootechnocratic’,whichIdidn’tthinkpossible,butobviouslyitis.(Para5)Hepassedtheentranceexamsforagovernmentpost,buthewascriticizedintheselectioninterviews:Theysaidhewasdetached(notpersonallyinvolved)andtootechnocratic(heusedthelanguageofatechnicalexpertorhighauthority).Asanewgraduateheprobablywantedtoshowhisexpertiseinhislanguagesohecan’tunderstandthiscriticism.4Fortherestitis9-to-5“chilling”beforeheadingtothepub.(Para6)Theotherswhodonothavearoutinelowstatusjob(likestackinggoodsonasupermarketshelf)chilloutallday(theyspendtheirtimecasuallyrelaxing–theydon’tlookforwork)andgotopubforadrinkintheevening.5IwenttoacomprehensiveandIworkedmybacksideofftogotoagooduniversity…(Para6)Hewenttoaschoolforstudentsofallabilities(nottoaspecialschoolforacademicstudents)andsohehadtoworkveryhardtoenteragooduniversity:Yourbacksidemeansyourbottom–thepartofyourbodythatyousiton–toworkyourbacksideoffisinformalanditmeansyouworkveryhardindeed.6…buthavingworkedfull-timesinceleavingschoolherself,sheandherhusbandfindittrickytoadvisehimonhowtoproceed.(Para7)Themotherhasalwayshadafull-timejob(presumablythefatherisalsoworkingfull-time),soshedoesnothaverelevantpersonalexperience.Forher,itistrickytogiveadvice(difficulttodo).7Carryonlifeasnormalanddon’tallowthemtoabuseyourbankaccountorsapyourreserveofemotionalenergy.(Para11)TheadvicefromGaelLindenfieldhereisthatparentsshouldliveasusual.Theyshouldneitherlettheirchildrenspendtheparents’moneyunnecessarily,norlettheproblemtakeawayalltheirenergyandemotions.Saptheirreservemeansuseuptheirstoreofemotionalenergy.8Afterthatthesonordaughterneedstobenudgedfirmlybackintothesaddle.(Para12)Thentheparentsshouldgentlypushtheirchildrenfirmlysothattheygetbackintocontroloftheirlives.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.TeachingtipsGooverthecorrectanswerswithSsandaskthemtoexplainwhytheotheranswersarewrong(Seebelow).1Whyhasn’tJackGoodwingotajobyet?(a)Hedoesn’thaveaverygooddegree.(No,hehasa2:1whichisconsideredagooddegree.)(b)Herefusestoapplyforjobswithlowsalaries.(Hefeelsheshouldgetabetterjobafterstudyingatuniversity.)(c)Itisn’teasytogetajobinthecurrentfinancialclimate.(Thismaybetruebutthepassagedoesnotmentionthis.)(d)Hepreferstostayathomeandhelphisfamily.(No,hedoesn’tseemtobehelpinghisfamily:hewatchesTVandtalkstofriends.)2Howdoeshespendatypicalday?(a)Doingatemporaryjob.(No,someofhisfriendsareworkingintemporaryjobsbuthedoesn’twanttodothis.)(b)Watchingtelevision.(HewatchesTValot.)(c)Queuingupintheuniversitycareersservice.(No,hewentthereoncebuthedidn’twanttoqueuesohewalkedaway.)(d)Preparingforthenextjobinterview.(No,hedoesn’tseemtobepreparingforinterviews.)3Howdomostofhisfriendsspendtheday?(a)Theydonothingalldayandgotothepubintheevening.(Allexceptoneofthemdonothingexceptchill,thentheygotothepub.)(b)Theydooutdooractivitiessuchassailing.(No,noneofthemseemtodooutdooractivities;thereisnomentionofsailing.)(c)Theyareforcedtoworkbytheirparents.(No,onlyoneofthemhasbeenforcedouttostackshelvesbyhisparents;theothersseemtobelikeJack.)(d)Theydopart-timejobssuchasworkinginabar.(No,thetextmentionsbarworkbutnoneofJack’sfriendsseemtodothiswork.)4HowareJack’sparentshelpinghim?(a)Bylookingforjobsforhim.(No,Jackhastriedtogetajobhimself;there’snothinghereabouthisparentshelpinghimlookforajob.)(b)BypayingforatriptoSouthAmerica.(No,althoughheisgoingonathree-weektriptoSouthAmerica,thepassagedoesnotsaythatJack’sparentshavepaidforthis.)(c)Bygraduallymakinghimmorefinanciallyaware.(Thepassagedoesnotsaysoexplicitly,butthisistheimplicationaboutthecut-offpointafterthetripwhenhemaybeexpectedtopayrentandcontributetothehouseholdbills.)(d)Bythreateningtothrowhimoutofthehouse.(No,theyhaven’tthreatenedtodothis,buttheydefinitelywanthimtoworkafterhegetsbackfromhistrip.)5WhatdoesGaelLindenfieldsayaboutJack’sparents?(a)TheyhavenotreallyunderstoodJack’sproblems.(No,shedoesn’tsaythis;shesaystheymustbalancebeingpositivewithnotmakinglifetoocomfortable.Thisdoesn’tmeantheyhaven’tunderstoodJack’sproblems.)(b)TheyhavemadelifetoocomfortableforJack.(No,shesaystheymustbalancecomfortwithbeingpositive.Thisdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthattheyhavealreadymadelifetoocomfortableforJack.)(c)Theapproachtheyhavechosenistherightone.(Shesaystheyhavestruckexactlytherightnote.)(d)Theyneedhelpfromapsychologist.(No,shedoesn’tsaythis.)6WhatdoWhoopiGoldberg,BruceWillisandBradPitthaveincommon?(a)Theyalldidbarworkbeforegoingtouniversity.(No,wedon’tknowfromthepassageifanyofthemdidthis.)(b)Theytookpartinprotestsagainstnuclearpowerplants.(No,wedon’tknowisanyofthemdidthis)(c)Theylearnttoactbydressingupasgiantchickens.(No,onlyBradPittdidthis.)(d)Theyalldidtemporaryjobsatonestageintheirlives.(Thisisright,althoughtheyallhadcompletelydifferenttemporaryjobs.)Dealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tomakeprogressbymovingtothenextstageinaseriesofactionsorevents(proceed)2theprocessofchangingfromonesituation,formorstatetoanother(transition)3notfeelinginvolvedwithsomeoneorsomethinginacloseoremotionalway(detached)4referringtosomethingwhichwillhappensoon(upcoming)5tobesittingstillinapositionthatisnotupright(slump)6toreturntoapreviousstateorwayofbehaving(revert)7tosaywhathappened(recount)4CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.Itisn’teasytomakethe(1)transitionfromabusyuniversitystudenttoanunemployedyoungadult(2)slumpedonabarstoolorhalfwatchingamindlesstelevisionshow,wonderingifandhowtheircareerisgoingto(3)proceed.Manypeoplewhohaveexperiencedalongperiodofinactivitylikethis,when(4)recountinghowtheyfeltatthetime,refertothesamestrangepsychologicaleffect.Asthedayspass,theybegintofeel(5)detachedfromanysenseofpressuretogoandlookforajob,andtendtoregard(6)upcominginterviewsasiftheywerenotveryimportant.Typically,backathomeafterthreeorfouryearsaway,they(7)reverttooldhabits,startseeingoldfriends,and,inmanycases,becomedependentagainontheirparents.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Iwenttoamixed-abilitysecondaryschooljustoutsideLondon.(comprehensive)2Igotstoppedbyapolicemanwhoaskedtoseemydrivinglicence.(cop)3HaveyouseenthisbeautifulfromtheairviewofOxford?(aerial)4Isabeltightlyherbagasshewalkeddownthecorridortowardstheoffice.(clutched)5YoushouldspeaktoToby;he’sansupporterofflexibleworkinghours.(advocate)6Ihurtmylegbadlyacoupleofmonthsago,anditstillhasn’tgotbettercompletely.(healed)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Isadead-endjobonewith(a)excitingprospects,or(b)nofuture?2Isatrickyproblem(a)difficult,or(b)easytosolve?3Ifanactivitysapsallyourenergy,doyoufeel(a)tired,or(b)moreactivethanusual?4Doesapushypersontryto(a)persuadeyoutodosomethingyoudon’twantto,or(b)helpyoubylisteningtowhatyouhavetosay?5Ifyoufeelapathy,doyouwantto(a)changetheworld,or(b)stayathomeanddonothing?7Answerthequestionsaboutthephrases.1Isforkout(a)aformal,or(b)aninformalwayofsayingtopayforsomething?2Ifyouareinthesameboatasanotherperson,areyou(a)makingthesamejourneytogether,or(b)inthesamedifficultorunpleasantsituation?3Ifyoufeelyouhavecomefullcircle,doyou(a)feelyouarebackwhereyoustarted,or(b)feelasenseofsatisfactionbecauseyouhavecompletedsomething?4Ifsomeonetakesasoftline,dotheydealwithaperson(a)inakindandsympatheticway,or(b)inalazywaywithoutmakingadecision?5Ifyoustriketherightnoteaboutsomething,areyouexpressingyourself(a)well,or(b)badly?6Ifyoudosomethingbyallmeans,doyou(a)tryyourbesttodoit,or(b)notcareaboutit?7Ifyounudgesomeonebackintothesaddle,areyouencouragingthemto(a)takeresponsibilityagain,or(b)takeiteasy?8Ifyoutalkthroughaproblemwithsomeone,doyou(a)examineitcarefullyandsensitively,or(b)refertoitquicklyandthenchangethesubject?Readingandinterpreting8Answerthequestions.1“Willheevergetajob?”Whoisaskingthisquestion?Whatmooddoesitexpress?Theparentsareaskingthisbecausetheparagraphisaddressedtoparents(earlieritsays“yourgraduateson”).Themoodseemstoexpresspatienceorresignationbecausetheword“ever”suggeststhatgettingajobwilltakealongtime.2WhodescribesGenerationYas“rebelswithoutacause”?Isitafairdescription?Thisisthewriter’sdescriptiontoindicatethatthisgenerationisrebellingagainstparentsorsociety,buttheyhavenothingparticulartorebelagainst.Thisdoesn’tseemveryfairbecausethestudentsaretryingtofindwork–itisjustthattheydon’tliketheirparentsnaggingthem.Sotheyareabitrebelliousagainsttheirparents,butnomorethanthat.3Jack“walkedintotheuniversitycareersserviceandstraightbackoutagain”.WhatdoesthissuggestaboutJack’scharacter?ItsuggeststhatJackisnotverydetermined.Assoonashesawthequeueheleftwithoutwaitingandwithouttryingtoaskaboutjobsorcareers.4Jackspentthesummer“hiding”.Hidingfromwhat?Whyarequotationmarksused?Probablythismeanshewashidingfromtheworldofwork,stayingathomeandnotlookingforajob.Thequotationmarkstellusthathewasn’tliterallyhiding,hejustspentalotoftimeathome.5HowisMrsGoodwin’spointofviewaffectedbyherownpersonalexperience?Inonewayherexperiencehasn’taffectedherattitude:Sheleftschoolandwentimmediatelytoajob(withoutgoingtouniversity)andhasbeenworkingfull-timesincethenandyetsheissympatheticandtakesasoftline.6HowisLindenfield’spointofviewaffectedbyherownpersonalexperience?Herpersonalexperiencewasthatsheworkedinabarbeforefindingherfirstproperjobasanaerialphotographicassistant.Soshesayssuchworkisagreatnetworkingopportunity.Ifnewgraduatesaregoodatsuchworkandbright,cheerfulandpolite,theywillsoonbepromoted.Herpersonalexperiencethusreflects–orperhapshascreated–herpointofview.7Whatwouldthefirsttwoparagraphshavefocusedoniftheyhadbeenpresentedfromthepointofviewofthestudentsratherthantheparents?Thefirsttwoparagraphswouldhavefocusedontheneedforthenewgraduatestorestforabitaftertheirhardstudies.ItisOKforstudentstorelaxwiththeTVortosocializewithfriendsforawhile,thentheycanstartaserioussearchforemploymentafterthat.Activereading(2)IfyouaskmeBackgroundinformationThisisaninformalandpersonalizedaccountofaneconomicsgraduatewhogetsajobinapubforayearandthenhasanopportunitytobesuccessful(aluckybreak).SheworksinaLondonpubcalled“TheSalisbury”or“TheMarquisSalisbury”,namedaftersomeonewhowastheBritishPrimeMinisterthreetimesbetween1885and1902andwhosefamilyonceownedthepub’sland.The100yearoldpubisinLeadenhallStreet,justofftheCharingCrossRoadandLeicesterSquare.Daytimecustomerscangetapublunchandeveningcustomersincludemanyofficeworkersandtheatregoers(thepubisnearmanyWestEndtheatres).Theinteriorofthispubisdazzling,withlargemirrors,cutglassandamahoganydécor.Britishpubsareoftennamedafterfamouspeople(RobinHood,TheDukeofWellington)orroyalty(TheQueen’sArms,thePrinceofWales)orhistoricalsymbols(TheRoseandCrowntorepresentKingEdwardIII,TheRoyalOaktorepresentKingCharlesIIwhooncehidinalargeoaktree).Othernamesoftenincludecoloursandanimals(TheRedBull,TheBlackHorse,TheGoldenLion,TheSwan)orsymbolsoftraditionaltrades(TheCompassesforcarpenters,TheThreeHammersforblacksmiths,TheThreeTunsforwinemakers).Asthepubisasocialplacetomeetaswellasaplacetogetadrink,peopleoftenplaygameslikedominoesordartsorjoinaquizorcompetition.Acommonexpressionisto“godownthepub”or“goroundtothelocal”(bothmeaningtogotothelocalpub).CulturepointspubinLondon:Apubisaplacewherepeoplegoforadrinkandtomeetfriendsandsocialize.Peoplecanplaygames–suchasdarts,cards,dominoes–inapubandpubsoftenhavequiznights,withprizesforthewinners,andlivemusic(SeealsoBackgroundinformation)TheSalisburyisawell-knownpubincentralLondon(SeealsoBackgroundinformation)LondonSchoolofEconomicsisadistinguisheduniversityincentralLondon,famousforsocialsciences.Languagepoints1Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.(Para1)Inmyopinion(Ifyouaskmeintroducesanopinion),reallifeisnoteverythingthatpeoplesayitis.Ifathingiscrackeduptobe,peoplenormallypraiseitbutintheopinionofthespeakertheyarewrong.2…spendingmoneywhenyoudon’thaveanyisdeadeasy.(Para7)Deadheremeansvery.Forexample,wecansaydeadtired(exhausted),adeadloss(acompletelossoruseless),adeadweight(veryheavy,difficulttolift).3Whatweretheoddsonanyonebeingsonice?(Para11)Whatarethechancesthatsomeonewouldbesonice?Thewriterisemphasizingherethatsuchkindnessisveryunusual.4…lookingbackafteralltheseyears,youonlyneedoneortwobreaksinyourlifetosucceed.(Para13)Abreakheremeansachancetobesuccessful.Aluckybreakisanunexpectedopportunity.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Whatdidthewriterwanttodoafterfinishingherdegree?(a)TodoanMAattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.(b)Toearnsomemoneytopayoffherloan.(c)Tostartworkingassoonaspossible.(d)Toreturnhomeandhelphermother.2WhydidsheaskforajobinTheSalisbury?(a)Shewashungryandthirsty.(b)Shethoughtitwouldleadtobetterthings.(c)Shewasafriendofthelandlord.(d)Shehadtheideawhenshesawthelandlordworking.3Whatdidshebuywithherfirstsalary?(a)Abunchofflowers.(b)ACDandaplantfortheflatshelivedin.(c)Ahamsandwichandaglassofbeer.(d)Shedidn’thaveanymoneyleftafterpayingthebills.4WhydidTonygiveher£20,000?(a)Hefoundoutitwasherbirthdayandwantedtohelp.(b)Hetrustedherandthoughtitwouldhelpher.(c)Hewantedhertoleavethepubandworkforhim.(d)Hewassecretlyinlovewithher.5Whatdidshedowiththemoney?(a)SheusedittopayforhercourseattheLSE.(b)Shelostalotofitinthe2008stockmarketcrash.(c)SheinvesteditandpaidbackTonyandotherinvestors.(d)Sheusedittostartherownbusiness.6WhywasTonypleasedwhensherepaidtheloan?(a)Hehadhadanaccidentandneededthemoneyforawheelchair.(b)Itmeantthathewouldbeabletoseeheragain.(c)Itprovedthathehadbeenrighttoinvestinher.(d)Shepaidbacktheloanwithalotofinterest.3Workinpairsandanswerthequestions.Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’s:1familybackground?Hermotherhadworkedhardfor15yearstosupporthereducationbutcouldn’taffordanyfurthersupport.Herfatherwasn’taroundmostofthetime.Hedidn’thaveanymoneybecausehespentitongamblingondogracingordrinkinginpubs.2careerasastudent?ShehadagooddegreeineconomicsandwantedtostudyforamasterscourseattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.3ambition?ShewantedtogetajobinfinanceorinvestmentsinLondonbecausethenshewouldbeabletouseherdegree.4appreciationofotherpeople?SheappreciatedMike’sfriendlinesswithcustomersandhisskill,andsheappreciatedTonyasaniceperson;latersheappreciatedthetrustofTonyandhisfriends5lovelife?Wedon’tknowmuchaboutthis,exceptthatshedoesn’tlikeboystohassleher.Shethinkstheyareimmature.6financialexpertise?Itmustbequitegood:Sheinvestedthe£20,000andmadeenoughprofittopaythemoneybackwithinterestandsetupherowncompany.7senseofresponsibility?Shehasastrongsenseofresponsibilitybecauseshepaidbackthemoneytotheinvestorsandpaidthemanannualinterestfortheloan.8philosophyoflife?Shebelievesthatyoushouldworkhard;youmayneedoneortwobreakstosucceedbutyoushouldknowhowtousethebreaks.Youshouldbehonestandresponsiblewithpeoplewhotrustyou.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1funnyorentertaining(amusing)2usedforemphasizingthatsomethinggoodhashappened,especiallybecauseofgoodluck(fortunately)3anamountofmoneythataperson,businessorcountryborrows,usuallyfromabank(loan)4totakeanamountornumberfromatotal(deduct)5themostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent(highlight)6toshowthatyouunderstandsomeone’sproblems(sympathize)7needingalotoftime,ability,andenergy(demanding)5CompletetheconversationwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.TeachingtipsWhenSshavecompletedtheblankswiththecorrectformoftheappropriatewords,askthemtopracticereadingthedialogue,tryingtomaketheirreadingsoundasconversationalaspossible.Chooseapairtoperformtheirreadingtotheclass.Theclasslistensandgivestheperformingpairaratingonascaleof1-10forfluencyandnaturalness.AAfterthreeyearsatuniversity,I’mnowquiteheavilyindebt.BI(1)sympathizewithyou,Iknowwhatit’sliketohavefinancialproblems.But(2)fortunatelyIdidn’tneedtotakeoutastudent(3)loanwhenIwasatuniversity,becauseIhadapart-timejob.AWhatdidyoudo?BIworkedinarestaurantatweekends.AThatmusthavebeenvery(4)demanding.BYes,itwas.Ihadtogettherightbalancebetweenworkandstudy.Buttheotherpeoplewhoworkedthereweregoodfuntobewith,soitwasquite(5)amusingtoo.The(6)highlightoftheweekendwasalwaysSaturdaynightwhenweworkedovertime.AButIdon’texpectyoumadealotofmoney?BNo,therewasn’tmuchafterthey’d(7)deductedtaxandpensioncontributions.Butitwasenoughtokeepmegoing.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1WhenIwasatcollegeIkeptallmypersonalthingsinanoldcupboard.2Alotofpeoplewholeaveuniversitybeforegettingadegreeendupingoodjobs.3Ithinkshe’llgetagooddegree,butIwouldn’triskmymoneyontheexactresult.4ThemoneyIspentatcollegewasmorethanwhatIearnedinmypart-timejob.5Thechancesofmybeingofferedajobafterthatinterviewmustbequiteremote.6Ourbusinesshasdoneverywellsincewechangedouradvertising.7Ithinktellingthetruthandnotcheatingisalwaysthebestpolicy.Key:(1)belongings(2)dropouts(3)gamble(4)exceeded(5)odds(6)hasthrived(7)honesty7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomethingisnotallit’scrackeduptobe,isit(a)validandinteresting,or(b)justalittlebitdisappointing?2Ifsomeonekeepsbangingonaboutsomething,areyoulikelytobe(a)interestedin,or(b)boredbywhattheysay?3Ifthereisalotofhassleinyourlife,areyoulikelytofeel(a)stressed,or(b)relaxed?4Ifsomethinghappensoutoftheblue,isit(a)unexpected,or(b)partofyourplan?5Ifyousayyouendedupinaparticularjob,doyousuggestthat(a)youhavefulfilledyourambition,or(b)ithappenedalmostbychance?6Aretheregularsinapub(a)thecustomerswhocomeveryoften,or(b)thefoodthepuboffersmostoften?7Ifsomethingisdeadeasy,isit(a)veryeasy,or(b)noteasyatall?8Ifyoutreatsomeonetosomething,doyou(a)buysomethingniceforthem,or(b)behavebadlytothem?9Ifyoucheeraplaceup,doyou(a)maketheplacelookbrighter,or(b)makethepeopleintheplacehappier?Readingandinterpreting8Lookatthesentencesfromthepassageandidentifythestylefeatures.1Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?Thisshowstheinformalityofanincompletesentenceinthefirstpart,theuseofaninformalexpression(bangingon)andarhetoricalquestiontothereader(WhatdoIfind?)2TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?)…Thishastheuseofaninformalword(hassle),aninformalexclamation(god)andaquestiontothereader(Whenwilltheygrowup?)3Actually,IhadmyeyeonthecourseattheLondonSchoolofEconomics(LSE).Herethereisadiscoursemarkertypicalofspeech(Actually)andaninformalphrase(hadmyeyeon).4Ikindofunderstandit,andnotjustbecausemydegreeisineconomics.Here“kindof”isasortofdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(showingsomethingisgeneral,vagueornotdefinite).5Iwantedsomethinginfinanceandinvestments,becauseyouknow,maybewithajoblikethat,Icouldusemydegree.Thishasadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(youknow).6...it’strue,hereallydidseemtohavethreehands.Againhereisadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(it’strue).7Italkedtohimabout...well,aboutprettywelleverything…Thishasanotherdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(well)andaninformalphrase(prettywell).9Answerthequestions.1Whatisthefocusofeachsectionofthestory?•Thefirstpartisthebackgroundbeforethestoryreallybegins.Itfocusesonthewriter’sfinancialproblemsaftergraduationandonherneedtoworksinceherfamilycannotsupporther.•Thesecondpartfocusesonnicepeoplewhohelpthewriter,mainlyonMikewhogivesherajobinapub.•Inthethirdpart,thefocusisonthewriter’ssadfeelingsonherbirthdayandhowshetellsTonyhertroubles.Hetalkstosomefriendsandgetshera£20,000loantosetupabusiness.•Inthefourthpart,thewriterislookingbacksomeyearslater.Shehashermastersdegreeandhasajobinaninvestmentbankandhasusedtheloantosetupherowncompany.Thefocusisonthetwistinthestory,wherethesituationisreversed:Tonyisdisabledafteranaccidentandneedstherepaymentoftheloantoadapthishouseforhisdisability.•Thelasttwomainsentencesarealsointroducedby“Ifyouaskme,”Thisisacoda(afinishingphraseortwo)aboutinvestinginpeople.2Howdoesthetimecontextchangefromonesectiontothenext?Thefirstsectiongivesthebackgroundbeforethewriterfindsajob,inthepastbeforethetimeofthestory.Thesecondsectionisinthepast,showinghowsheotajob.Thethirdsection,stillinthepast,showstheparticulareventofhowshegotaluckybreakthroughTony’shelp.Inthefourthsection,thetimeisinthepresent,withthewriterlookingbackaftersomeyears.ShetellsuswhathappenedandhersuccessaftershehadreceivedTony’sloan.3Howmuchtimedoyouthinkhaselapsedbetweenthethirdandthefinalsection?Atleasttwoyearshavepassedbecausesheworkedinthepubforoneyear,thenstudiedforhermaster’sforanotheryear,andthenrepaidtheloan.Ifyouallowtimeforherinvestmenttomakeenoughmoneytorepaytheloanwithinterestandforthewritertohaveenoughmoneylefttosetupafirm,thenitcouldbeseveralfurtheryears,saybetweenfiveandtenyearsaltogether,butasshesays“itisstillathrivingbusiness”,itisprobablytenorfifteenyearslaterorevenmore.4HowistherelationshipbetweenthewriterandTonyreversedattheendofthestory?WhentheyfirstmeetTonyisworkingsuccessfullyinbanking,whilethewriterisinfinancialdifficultyandinneedofmoney.Attheendofthestorythissituationisreversed:Heisdisabledandinneedofmoney,whileshehasbecomefinanciallysuccessful.Thesuccessfulonehelpstheotherinbothpartsofthestory.5Whatisthemessagepresentedattheendofthestory?ThemessageisthatTonyandthewriterbothsaythatinvestinginpeoplegivesthebestreturnonaninvestmentthatyoucouldhopefor.Thisistheirexperience,butthewriterasksforthereaders’opinionaboutthis.ThefinalquestionleavesanopenanswerandwemaydisagreeifthisisnotourexperienceLanguageinusewordformation:compoundnouns1Writethecompoundnounswhichmean:1adegreewhichisawardedafirstclass(afirst-classdegree)2workinahospital(hospitalwork)3aticketforaplanejourney(aplaneticket)4adiscountforstudents(astudentdiscount)5apasswhichallowsyoutotravelonbuses(abuspass)6aroomwhereaninterviewisheld(aninterviewroom)7aperiodspentintraining(atrainingperiod)wordformation:nounphrases2Writethenounphraseswhichmean:1acareerwhichisrewardingfromthefinancialpointofview(afinanciallyrewardingcareer)2legislationwhichhasbeenintroducedrecently(recentlyintroducedlegislation)3instructionswhicharemorecomplexthanusual(unusuallycomplexinstructions)4aninstitutionwhichisorientatedtowardsacademic(academicallyorientatedwork)5workwhichmakesphysicaldemandsonyou(physicallydemandingwork)6informationwhichhasthepotentialtobeimportant(potentiallyimportantinformation)7candidateswhohavebeenselectedafteracarefulprocedure(carefullyselectedcandidates)8acoursebookinwhicheverythinghasbeenplannedbeautifully(abeautifullyplannedtextbook)tryas…might3Rewritethesentencesusingtryas…might.1I’mtryingtofillthislastpage,butIjustcan’tthinkofanything.TryasImighttofillthislastpage,Ijustcan’tthinkofanything.2ItrytobefriendlywithMarta,butshedoesn’tseemtorespond.TryasImighttobefriendlywithMarta,shedoesn’tseemtorespond.3Itryhardtogettosleep,butIcan’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.TryasImighttogettosleep,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.4Hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves,eventhoughhekeepstrying.Tryashemight,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves./Tryashemighttogetthepromotionhedeserves,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetit.5Ikeeptryingtorememberhername,butmymindisablank.TryasImighttorememberhername,mymindisablank.giventhat…4Rewritethesentencesusinggiventhat…1SinceIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.GiventhatIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.2XiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sosheshouldgetthejob.GiventhatXiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sheshouldgetthejob.3Sincewe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.Giventhatwe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.4Sinceit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.Giventhatit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.clausesintroducedbythan5Rewritethesentencesusingclausesintroducedbythan.1She’sexperiencedatgivingadvice.I’mmoreexperienced.She’slessexperiencedatgivingadvicethanIam./I’mmoreexperiencedatgivingadvicethansheis.2Youeattoomuchchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforyou.Youeattoomuchchocolatethanisgoodforyou.3Sheworkedveryhard.Mostpart-timersdon’tworksohard.Sheworkedharderthanmostpart-timersdo.4Youhavearrivedlatetoomanytimes.Thatisn’tacceptable.Youhavearrivedlatemoretimesthanisacceptable.5Idon’tthinkyoushouldhavegivensomuchpersonalinformation.Itisn’twise.Ithinkyouhavegivenmorepersonalinformationthaniswise.collocations6Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1highlightAhighlightisthemostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent.(a)Whatwouldyouliketobethehighlightofyourcareer?Iwouldlikethehighlightofmystudentcareertobetoreceiveanationalawardforthebeststudentresearchproject.(b)Howcanyouhighlightanimportantsentenceinatext?Youcanunderlineitinpencilorpenoryoucanusecolouredpensorhighlighters.(c)Whataretheeditedhighlightsofafootballmatch?Thehighlightsarewhensomeonescoresagoalorpreventsonefrombeingscored.2loanAloanisanamountofmoneysomeoneborrowsfromsomeoneelse.(a)Haveyouevertakenoutaloan?No,Ihaven’t.Butmyparentshavetakenoutseveralloanstobuykitchenequipment.(b)Whatisthebestwaytopayoffaloan?Itisbesttopayaloanoffquickly,althoughyouwillstillhavetopaysomeinterest.(c)Ifyouhavealibrarybookonloan,whatdoyouhavetodowithit?Youhavetoreturnitbeforethedateitisdue,otherwiseyoumayhavetopayafine.3thriveTothrivemeanstobeverysuccessful,happyorhealthy.(a)Whatsortofbusinessthrivesbestinyourpartofthecountry?Inmypartofthecountry,lightindustriesandelectronicscompaniesthrive.(b)Whichsortofplantsthriveinahotclimate?Inahotclimateyoucanseetropicalfruitandvegetablesthriveandalsotropicalplantsandtrees.(c)Whydoyouthinksomecouplesthriveonconflict?Itisdifficulttounderstandwhysomecouplesthriveonconflict.Maybeeachonewantstocompetewiththeotherormaybetheyenjoy“kissingandmakingup”aftertheconflict.7TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It’sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat’sbeforeI’vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI’minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon’tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI’m60.（☞翻译时可以根据上下文增译，即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表达出来的意思。如最后一句译文加了“领养老金”，点出了与上一句的关联。）依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。8TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.我认为，选修第二专业并不适合每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求，但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我的自信心。虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人，在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone’sconfidence;giventhat;bowtofate;cometoaclose;forfearthat;nowthat)Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn’tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldn’tdowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacroeconomicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦今年夏天，超过65万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？七月，你看着21岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。总算熬到头了。等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。他只是偶尔走开去发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。这位前“千禧一代”的后裔一夜之间变成了哼哼一代的成员。他能找到工作吗？这就是成千上万家庭所面临的景象：今年夏天，超过65万大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者，他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。他走进大学就业服务中心，又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。跟他一起住的另外5个男孩也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更清晰的计划。他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒了。他们给的年薪是1万8千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐煮豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。然后我又申请了公务员速升计划，并通过了笔试。但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家治国国论者’。我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。”打那以后他整个夏天都在“躲”。他能够轻松复述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看电视的时间太多，已经到了影响健康的地步。跟朋友谈自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己的并没有两样。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市摆货，其余的都是白天9点到5点“无所事事”，晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间。要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？这样还可以挣些酒钱。“我不想在酒吧工作，我上的是综合性中学，我拼命读书才考上了一所好大学。到了大学，我又埋头苦读，才得到一个好学位。可现在我却跟那些没上过大学的朋友处在同一个水平线上，他们整天给客人倒酒，干无聊的活。我觉得自己好像兜了一圈，又回到了原来的起点。他的母亲杰奎琳·古德温为他辩护。她坚持认为她的儿子已经尽力了，她自己中学毕业后一直都在工作，可是她和她的丈夫发现，建议儿子如何继续找工作是件很棘手的事情。她说，“我一直都必须工作。现在找工作很难，因为如果你有了学位，学位就会为你提供新的机会，至少你自己会这么想。”虽然现在她对儿子的态度还比较温和，但是她心里很清楚，去南美度三星期的假之后，他的休假就结束了。他可能还得付房租，分担家庭开支。她说，“在某个时候他们总该长大成人，我们已经帮了他们交了大学的学费，所以他们也该给我们一点点回报了。南美度假就是一个分水岭，他回来以后如果找不到工作，那就打圣诞节零工好了。”心理治疗师盖尔·林登费尔德是《情感康复策略》的作者。她说古德温家长的说法是很恰当的，从上大学到工作的转换对孩子和父母来说都很艰难，关键是他们要在支持理解孩子和不溺爱孩子之间取得平衡。“父母的主要任务就是支持他们，如果他们教导孩子该如何做就会引起矛盾，”她说。“如果有熟人，一定要找他们想办法。但很多父母心太软了。必须限制孩子的零花钱，要求他们交房租，或分担日常生活或养宠物的花销。父母要过正常的生活，不要让孩子随便用你们的银行卡或者榨干你们的情感能量。”为他们支付职业咨询费、面试交通费及书费是好事，但不能催得太紧。林登费尔德建议：虽说父母不能太宽容，但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折，父母应该体谅他们，宽容他们几天甚至几周——这要看他们受打击的程度来决定。等他们缓过来之后，父母就该坚决要求孩子继续求职。男孩更容易困在家里。林登费尔德相信男人比母亲和姐妹更容易帮助他们的儿子、侄子、或朋友的儿子。她说，由于男人和女人处理挫折的方式不同，孩子们需要跟男人谈话，才能度过难关。她强烈支持他们去酒吧工作：那是克服毕业冷漠症的一剂良方。这工作好不好要取决于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的时候，林登费尔德找到了她的第一份工作，当航拍助手。她说在酒吧工作是拓展人际关系的绝好机会，肯定比赖在家里看电视更容易找到工作。她说：“给超市上货也一样。如果干得好，你就会被人发现的。如果你聪明、活泼，对顾客彬彬有礼，你很快就会升职。所以，把它看作是机会，那些最终能成功的人士都有在超市上货的经历。”你的儿子或女儿可能不会干好莱坞影星们干过的活，比如像乌比·戈德堡那样去停尸房给死人化妆，或者像布鲁斯·威利斯那样在核电站当警卫，但即便是布拉德·皮特也曾经不得不穿上宽大的鸡套装站在墨西哥快餐连锁店ElPolloLoco的门口招揽生意。他们中没有一个人因为这些经历而变得越来越穷。Activereading(2)依我看依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这样下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。我那时还不想出去工作。我的意思是，我并不是个中途辍学者，但我知道自己以后可能不得不退学。许多人认为“生活不是野餐”，“没有免费的午餐”。但既然我拿到了优等生文凭，我想我应该继__续攻读硕士学位。实际上，我已经瞄上了伦敦经济学院的课程，这是一所顶尖的学校，能给我的履历表增添一段光彩的经历。但当我跟妈妈谈起这件事时，她说她没法继续供我上学了。我大概能理解她的心情，这不仅仅是因为我学的是经济学。15年来，为了能让我上学，她含辛茹苦。这些年来，父亲大部分时间都不在家。就算在家，他也没钱。他把钱都拿去赌狗、喝酒了。我听了妈妈的话，向命运低下了头。依我看，不管人们说什么，幸运的是世上还是有很多好心人。麦克就是其中的一个。大学毕业时，我想如果我回家，妈妈会觉得她有责任照顾我。所以，我就收拾行李去伦敦找工作。我想找金融和投资方面的职位，因为你知道这样我就可以用上我的专业知识。可是那时候已经没有这样的工作了，我又不愿意做乏味的办公室工作，复印文件、端茶倒水什么的。无论你走到伦敦的什么地方，你都能找到一个好酒吧。有一天，我意识到这个城里没有人会雇我，我走进位于特荷街的索尔兹伯里酒吧去喝一杯，顺便吃点东西。店主麦克正在店里，他一只手倒酒，一只手做三明治，同时还洗酒杯。他真的好像有三只手。他好像也认识所有的客人，叫得出常客的名字。他跟他们打招呼，帮他们调好酒后问一句：“今天还喝这个，是吧？”我觉得他看起来蛮酷的，他在做着他最擅长做的事情：为那些口渴的顾客服务，没人能比得上他。所以我就走上前去问他要不要雇人。好吧，长话短说，某个周五的午餐时间我开始在那个酒吧打工。这份工作要求很高，但我喜欢干。顾客好像觉得我挺逗乐的，这也让我感觉好一些。有位穿西服的中年常客总要半品脱苦啤酒，一份火腿泡菜三明治，面包皮要消掉。他叫托尼。我一看见他进来，不等他开口就开始准备他的午餐，他也是那些好心人之一。依我看，一个人没钱的时候花钱最容易。我开始琢磨怎么花第一个月的薪水了。我住的公寓房租很贵，我挣的钱刚够支付第一个月的大笔账单，但是我估计还能剩点钱好好犒劳一下自己。我想，何不买张CD或买盆花草装点一下房间？发工资的那天正好是我的生日，除了麦克和托尼，我在伦敦就没有别的朋友了。如果你知道我那时还没有男朋友，你就会理解我为什么觉得对不起自己了。我给自己定了些鲜花，让卖花的人附上一张卡片，上面写道：“给你我所有的爱。无名氏”。我生日那天最精彩的瞬间就是送花人到达公寓时大惑不解的眼神。那周晚些时候，托尼像往常一样来了，在酒吧里坐下。“你怎么了？今天怎么不见你笑啦？”我跟他聊了……嗯，差不多什么都跟他说了：钱、硕士学位、生日等等。他很同情我。托尼离开搁脚凳和旁边几个人说话。记住：索尔兹伯里酒吧是在市中心，这里所有的顾客都在银行、保险或证券市场工作。第二天，他拿着几张价值共2万英镑的支票来到酒吧，他对我说：“这是给你的创业贷款，你唯一的贷款担保是我对你的信任，相信有一天你赚了钱会把钱还给我们。如果你还不了钱，那就太糟了，金融生意就是这样。但是，我相信你还得了。”我没说话，我怕我自己要哭了。世上这么好的人能有几个？那些花怎么处理？我叫花店改送到妈妈那里去了，我生日那天鲜花正好送到她家。她最该得到这些鲜花，不是吗？依我看，回顾这些年的经历，我发现人一辈子只需要一两次的转折就能成功。就算吃苦受累也不要紧，那还是值得的。在索尔兹伯里酒吧干了一年之后，我去了伦敦经济学院深造。拿到硕士学位之后，我在一家投资银行找到了一份工作。我把那两万英镑投进了证券市场，在2008年金融崩盘之前卖掉了所有的股票。我把托尼和其他投资者的钱还了，付给他们10%的年息，并成立了自己的公司。公司的生意好得超乎意料，至今还红红火火。托尼给我写了一封感谢信。他出了车祸，现在不能走路了。我还给他的钱正好可以用来改造房子，房子改造后他就可以坐着轮椅在家里自由活动了。下面是他信里写的话：“我从事银行业35年来最好的投资就是给你的这笔贷款，你连本带利地偿还了贷款，我对你的信任和你的诚实都获得了百倍的回报。依我看，在人身上投资能带来你最希望看到的回报。”依我看，他说得对。你说呢？Unit2Activereading(1)Danger!BooksmaychangeyourlifeCulturepointsLewisCarroll(1832–1898)isthepen-nameofCharlesDodgson.Hewasapriest,amathematicianwhotaughtatOxfordUniversity,aphotographer,humoristandwriterofchildren’sliterature.Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland(1865)wasimmediatelysuccessful,amasterpiecewhichrevolutionizedchildren’sliterature,givingcoherenceandlogicthroughwitandhumourtounlikelyorimpossibleepisodesinwhichimaginarycreaturesembodyrecognizablehumancharacteristics.HeisalsoknownforThroughtheLookingGlassandwhatAlicefoundthere(1871)andnonsensepoems,suchasTheHuntingoftheSnark(1876).WilliamCowper(1731–1800):anotableEnglishpoet,writerofhymnsandletter-writer.Hewrotegentle,pious,directpoemsabouteverydayrurallifeandscenesofthecountrysidewhichhavebeenseenasforerunnersoftheRomanticmovement:ColeridgecalledCowper“thebestmodernpoet”.HetranslatedHomer’sGreekepics.TheOdysseyandTheIliadintoEnglish.Anotherexampleofhisverseswhichhavebecomecommonsayingsis“Godmovesinmysteriousways,Hiswonderstoperform…”JohnSteinbeck(1902–1968):AmericannovelistwhowasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1962.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)isawell-known,longtragicnovelaboutanAmericanfamilyoffarmerswhoaredrivenofftheirlandinOklahomabysoilerosioninthefamous“dustbowl”era.TheyfleetoCaliforniatowhattheyhopewillbeabetterlife.ThebookwonthePulitzerPrizeandwasmadeintoafilmin1940.Otherwell-knownnovelsincludeOfMiceandMen(1937),CanneryRow(1945),ThePearl(1947),EastofEden(1952)andanaccountofapersonalrediscoveryofAmerica,TravelswithCharlie(1962).JohnIrving(1942–):AmericannovelistandscreenwriterwhotaughtEnglishatcollegeandwasawrestlingcoach.TheFourthHand(2001)isacomic-satiricalnovelaboutaTVjournalist,Wallington,whosehandisseenbymillionsofviewerstobebittenoffbyacircuslion.Asurgeongiveshimahandtransplant(athirdhand)butthewifeofthedeaddonorwantstovisitherhusband’shandandhaveachildbyWallington,whofeelswherehisoriginalhandusedtobe(thefourthhand).AudreyNiffenegger(1963–):Americancollegeprofessorwhoteacheswritingtovisualartistsandshowsstudentshowtomakebooksbyhand.Herfirstnovel,TheTimeTraveller’sWife(2003)–filmedin2009–isasciencefictionandromancebestselleraboutamanwhotravelsuncontrollablyintimetohisownhistoryandvisitshiswifeinherchildhood,youthandoldage.Hiswifeneedstocopewithhisabsencesanddangerouslifewhilehetravels.Thestoryisametaphorfordistanceandmiscommunicationinfailedrelationships.PaulTorday(1946–):aBritishbusinessmanwhoworkedforacompanythatrepairedship’senginesformanyyears.SalmonFishingintheYemen(2007)washisfirstnovel.ItisapoliticalsatireandcomedyaboutadullcivilservantwhobecomesinvolvedinaplantopopulatethedesertwithScottishsalmon.Politiciansmanagethemediato“spin”thisasaplantheysupportinordertodivertattentionfromproblemsintheMiddleEast.Therearethemesofcynicismandbelief,andEast-Westcultureclashes.AleksandrSolzhenitsyn(1918–2008):aRussianwriterwhowasimprisonedinSovietlabourcampsin1945;aftereightyears,hewasexiledtoKazakhstanandnotfreeduntil1956,whenhebecameateacher.In1970hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturebutnotreceiveituntil1974.HewenttoGermany,SwitzerlandandtheUSA,returningtoRussiain1994.Hisbestknownnovelswerebasedonhisexperiencesasaprisonerandinclude:OneDayintheLifeofIvanDenisovich(1962),CancerWard(1968),TheGulagArchipelago(1974–1978).HislaterworkswereaboutRussianhistoryandidentity.GrahamGreene(1904–1991):aBritishnovelist,short-storywriter,playwright,travelwriterandessayist.Hewroteanumberofthrillers(hecalledthem‘entertainments’)whichdramatizeanambiguousmoraldilemma,oftenrevealingguilt,treachery,failureandathemeofpursuit.Greenewasalsoafilmcriticandallofthesenovelshavebeenmadeintofilms:BrightonRock(1938),ThePowerandtheGlory(1940),TheHeartoftheMatter(1948),TheThirdMan(1950),TheQuietAmerican(1955),andOurManinHavana(1958).E.M.Forster(1879–1970):aBritishnovelistandwriterofshortstoriesandessays.HelivedatdifferentperiodsinItaly,EgyptandIndiaandtaughtatCambridgeUniversity.HisbestknownnovelsincludeARoomwithaView(1908),Howard’sEnd(1910),APassagetoIndia(1924)whichhaveallbeenmadeintofilms.Hiswritingaboutreadingandwritingincludesabookoflectures,AspectsoftheNovel(1927).ThomasMerton(1915–1968):anAmericanCatholicwriter,whowasaTrappistmonkinKentucky.Hewroteover70books,includingmanyessaysaboutBuddhismandatranslationintoEnglishoftheChineseclassic,ChuangTse.HehadagreatdealtosayaboutthemeetingofEasternandWesternculturesandwrotemanyletterstowriters,poets,scholarsandthinkers.HereadalotinEnglish,Latin,FrenchandSpanishandsaidhealwayshadatleastthreebookswhichhewasreadingatanyonetime.WilliamBlake(1757–1827):aBritishpoet,artistandmystic,whoreadwidelyinEnglish,French,Italian,Latin,GreekandHebrew.HemademanyengravingstoillustratetheworkofsuchwritersasVirgil,DanteandChaucer,aswellashisownpoems.Hestressedthatimaginationwasmoreimportantthanrationalismandthematerialismofthe18thcenturyandcriticizedtheeffectsoftheindustrialrevolutioninEngland,buthisworkwaslargelydisregardedbyhispeers.HeisbestknownforhispoetryinSongsofInnocence(1787)andSongsofExperience(1794).Hisbeliefintheonenessofallcreatedthingsisshowninhismuch-quotedverse,“Toseetheworldinagrainofsand/Andaheaveninaflower,/Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand/Andeternityinanhour.”CliftonFadiman(1904–1999):anAmericanwriter,radioandTVbroadcasterandeditorofanthologies.Forover50yearshewasaneditorandjudgefortheBook-of-the-MonthClub.In1960hewroteapopularguidetogreatbooksforAmericanreaders,TheLifetimeReadingPlan,whichdiscusses133authorsandtheirmajorwork:the1997editionincludes9authorsfromChina.J.K.Rowling(1965–):BritishwriterofthesevenHarryPotterfantasybooks.ShestudiedFrenchandClassicsatExeterUniversity,beforeteachingEnglishinPortugalandtrainingtoteachFrenchinScotland.ThemainideaaboutaschoolforwizardsandtheorphanHarryPottercameonadelayedtrainjourneyfromManchestertoLondonin1990.ShebegantowriteassoonasshereachedLondon.TwelvepublishersrejectedthefirstbookbeforeBloomsbury,asmallLondonpublisher,agreedtopublishit.Laterbookshaverepeatedlybrokenallthesalesrecords(ashavesomeofthefilms).SheisoneoftherichestwomenintheUKandanotablesupporterofmanycharities.Languagepoints1Variety’stheveryspiceoflife,/Thatgivesitallitsflavour…(Para2)Spicesaremadefromplantsandaddedtofoodtogiveititsparticularflavourortaste.TheEnglishproverb“Varietyisthespiceoflife”(theproverbcomesfromCowper’spoem)thereforemeansthatvarietygiveslifeextravalueandallowsyoutoappreciatelifeinparticularways.2Welearntolookbeyondourimmediatesurroundingstothehorizonandalandscapefarawayfromhome.(Para3)Thismeansthatthroughreadingwelearntolookbeyondourimmediateexperienceorfamiliarenvironmenttothingsbeyondourimmediateexperience,ietocompletelydifferentthingsthatwecanimagineandexperiencethroughbooks.3Whenabaseballplayerhitsahomerunhehitstheballsohardandsofarhe’sabletorunroundthefourbasesofthediamond,andscorepointsnotonlyforhimselfbutfortheotherrunnersalreadyonabase.(Para9)IntheAmericangameofbaseball,thefieldofgrassisdiamond-shapedandhasfourbases(specificpointsmarkedaroundthediamond),roundwhichplayersmustruntoscorepoints.Oneteambats(ieteammemberstaketurnstohittheballandrunroundthebases)andthemembersoftheotherteamthrow(pitch)theballand,whenitishasbeenhit,trytocatchitorgetitquicklytooneofthefourbases.Ifabattingplayercanhittheballhardenough,hecanrunroundallfourbasesbeforetheotherteamcangettheballandthusscoremaximumpoints–withahomerun.Inthepassage,areallygoodbookisahomerun.3Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhyarewelikeAliceinwonderlandwhenwereadabook?(a)Because,likeAlice,weoftenhaveaccidents.(b)Becausereadingmakesusfeelyoungagain.(c)Becausereadingopensthedoortonewexperiences.(d)Becausebooksleadusintoadreamworld.2Accordingtothewriter,whatistheadvantageofreadingoverreallife?(a)Thereismorevarietyinbooksthaninreallife.(b)Wecanexperiencevarietyanddifferencewithoutgoingoutofthehouse.(c)Thepeoplewemeetinabookaremoreinterestingthanrealpeople.(d)It’shardertomakesenseofreallifethanabook.3WhatdothesevennovelslistedinParagraph4haveincommon?(a)Theirtitlesstimulateimagination.(b)TheyrepresentthebestwritingbyBritishandAmericannovelists.(c)Theyhavebecomeclassics.(d)Youcanfindalloftheminanylocallibrary.4Atwhatmomentinourlivesdobooksbecomeimportant?(a)Assoonaswestartreading.(b)Whenwestartbuyingbookstofillourshelvesathome.(c)Whenwestartlisteningtobedtimestories.(d)Onlywhenwearereadyforbooks.5WhatclaimdidMertonmakeaboutthepoemsofWilliamBlake?(a)TheyweresimilartotheworksoftheGreekwritersandthinkers.(b)Theyhelpedhimunderstandthemeaningoflife.(c)Theycreatedasenseofconfusion.(d)Theytaughthimalotaboutmodernculture.6Whatismeantbyahome-runbook?(a)Abookwhichissogoodyouareunabletoputitdown.(b)Abookthatthewholefamilycanenjoy.(c)Achildren’sbookthatisreadandappreciatedbyadults.(d)Abookthathitshardlikeahomeruninthegameofbaseball.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tomakesomeonefeelthattheydonotbelongtoyourgroup(exclude)2tofailtodosomethingthatyoushoulddo(neglect)3tomentionsomethingasanexample(cite)4tobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething(withstand)5inmostsituationsorcases(normally)6tobeabouttohappeninthefuture(await)5CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.WhenIlivedinBritain,oneofmyfavouriteradioprogrammeswascalled“DesertIslandDiscs”.Theformatwasalwaysthesame:Guestcelebritieswereaskedtoimaginetheyhadbeenwashedashoreonadesertisland,andhadtochooseninebooks–(1)excludingtheBibleandShakespeare,whichtheywerealreadyprovidedwith–totakewiththemtotheisland,tohelpthem(2)withstandthephysicalandmentalisolation.IsometimesliketothinkwhichbooksIwouldtake.(3)Normally,likemostpeople,Idon’thavemuchtimeforreading,andIcould(4)citedozensofbookswhichIhaveneverreadbutwhichIwouldliketo.It’sanopportunityIhave(5)awaitedallmylife,infact.ButwhatwouldIchoose?Mostlynovels,probably,butIwouldn’t(6)neglecttoincludeavolumeortwoofpoetry.Myfirstchoice,Ithink,wouldbeTolstoy’sWarandPeace.I’veneverreadit,butI’mreadytobelievethatitisoneofthemostmarvelousbookseverwritten.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.1Inagoodnovel,thewriterandreadercommunicatewitheachother.(interact)2Ihavetofaceuptotheproblemsoonerorlater.(confront)3IreadthebookinonesittingandMarydidtoo.(likewise)4E.M.ForsterwasoneofthemostimportantandrespectedBritishnovelistsofthe20thcentury.(influential)5Doyoubelievethataworkofliteraturecanactuallyleadtosocialchanges?(induce)6RobertBurnswasagreatpoetwhowroteinthelanguagevarietyspokeninScotland.(dialect)7TheTimeTraveller’sWifeisthestoryofamanwhohasastrangeandinexplicablegeneticdisorder.(mysterious)7Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Ifyouhavehadadisconcertingexperience,doyoufeelabit(a)tired,or(b)confused?2Ifyouhaveavistaofsomething,canyou(a)seeorimagineit,or(b)goandvisitit?3Wouldyouexpressgreatwrathby(a)smilingatsomeone,or(b)shoutingatthem?4Ifyoufeelenchantedbyabook,doyou(a)likeitalot,or(b)notlikeitatall?5Isawriterwhoissupremelytalented(a)verygood,or(b)quitegoodathisjob?6Ifreadingfostersanunderstandingofcertainproblems,doesit(a)helpunderstanding,or(b)preventit?7Ifyouaredesperatelytryingtogetajob,areyou(a)tryingveryhardtogetit,or(b)caringlittlewhetheryougetitornot?8Isasensation(a)acertainty,or(b)justafeeling?Readingandinterpreting8Check(\uf0b8)thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage.1Toshowthereaderhowtoreadfiction.2Tosuggestthatfictionismorepowerfulthannon-fiction.√3Topersuadethereaderthatreadingcanbealife-changingexperience.4Toclaimthatbooksprovidethemeaningtolife.5Torecommendsomemajornovelstoread.9Workinpairs.Lookatthestatementsfromthepassageanddiscussthequestions.1…whenwepickupabookweareabouttoenteranewworld.Doyouagreewiththisstatement?Isthistrueofeverybook?Iagreewiththisuptoapoint,butitisnottrueofeverybookbecausewithsomebooksyoumayalreadybeveryfamiliarwiththeworldofthoseparticularbookssoalthoughyoumightreadthem,theywouldn’ttakeyoutoanewworld.2We’llhaveexperienceswhicharenew,sometimesdisconcerting,maybedeeplyattractive,possiblyunpleasantorpainful,butneverlessthanliberatingfromtherealworldwecomefrom.Howcanreadingbea“painful”experience?Inwhatsensedoesreading“liberate”usfromtherealworld?Itiseasytoimaginehowreadingcouldbeapainfulexperienceforsomepeople:Itdependsonthebookandonthereader’sbackgroundandpersonality.Forinstance,Icanseethatastoryaboutbullying,mightbepainfultoreadifyouwerebulliedwhenyouwereachild–itwouldremindyouoftheexperienceofbeinghurt.Readingcanliberateusbecauseinbookswecanhaveallsortsofwonderfulandinterestingexperienceswhichwouldbeimpossibleforusintherealworld:wecantraveltodistantplacesorgoanywhereintime,wecanmeetallsortsofpeopleweprobablywouldn’tmeetanywhereelseexceptinbooks.3Readingbooksallowsustoenjoyandcelebratethisvarietyanddifferenceinsafety,andprovidesuswithanopportunitytogrow.Howdoesthisideacontrastwiththetitleofthepassage?Inwhatwaycanabookhelpus“grow”?Theword“Danger”inthetitlecontrastswiththisideathatreadingisasafeexperience.However,thisisnotacontradictionbecauseexperiencesthatwouldbedangerousinreallifearequitesafewhenwereadabouttheminbooks.Theauthorseemstothinkthatwegrowinourmindswithabetterunderstandingandenrichedimaginationwhenwemeetawidevarietyofpeopleanddifferentsituationsinbooks.Thisvicariousexperienceinreadingisasafewaytogrowmentallyandemotionally.4Tointeractwithotherpeople’slivesinthepeaceandquietofourhomesisaprivilegewhichonlyreadingfictioncanaffordus.Doyouagree?Isfictionreallydifferentfromothertypesofwriting?Well,Ithinkthisistruebecauseinfictionwedointeractwiththecharacters,bothpositively(withcharacterswecanidentifywith)andnegatively(withcharacterswedonotlikeoradmire).Butthisdoesn’tmeanthatwedon’tinteractwiththewriterinnon-fiction.Surelyallofushavetheexperienceoffeelingthatwedointeractwithwritersinnewspaperormagazinearticlesandinsomekindsofnon-fictionwhichmaybeaboutscience,forexample.Isupposeitdependsonthestyleofthewritingandonthepersonalityofthewriter(andofcharactersinfiction)andonus,asreaders.5Weevenunderstand…thatwehavemoreincommonwithotherreadersofbooksinotherculturesthanwemightdowiththefirstpersonwemeetwhenwestepoutofourfrontdoors.Thissuggeststhatpeoplewhoreadaredifferentfrompeoplewhodon’tread.Doyouagree?Well,Iamnotsure.Iguessthatpeoplewhoreadsimilarbooks,fictionornon-fiction,wouldsharesomecommonknowledge,experienceandmaybefeelingsandtheywouldprobablytalkaboutthesewhentheyknowabouteachother’sreadinghabits.Ofcourse,theywouldn’tnecessarilyhaveotherthingsincommon,justthisparticularconnectionwithacertainkindofculturethroughreading.Maybepeopleinthestreetdonothavetosharethisreadingexperience,sointhatrespecttheyaredifferent,buttheymaybequitesimilarandsharemanyculturalexperiencesinotherways–afteralltheyliveinthesameplace,probablyspeakthesamelanguage.So,Ithinkit’sallaquestionofwhatsortofcommonexperiencesyouaretalkingabout.ThemoreIthinkaboutit,thelessIagree!6Fromthebedtimestoryreadbyaparenttotheirchildallthewaythroughtothesittingroomlinedwithbooksinouradulthomes,booksdefineourlives.Whatdoyouunderstandby“booksdefineourlives”?Isupposetheywouldbethosebooks–notmany,surely?–whichhavemadeagreatimpactandremainsostronginourmemoriesthatdohaveafunctionofdefiningsomethinginourlives.However,Ithinktheauthorhasexaggeratedhere.Booksarenottheonlythingsthatdefineourlives.People,placesandspecialeventsdefineourlivestoo,sobooksareonlyonepartwhichforsomepeoplehaveagreatinfluencebutforothersmaybeverylittleornoneatall.Wehavetorememberthatsomepeoplesimplydon’treadbooks.Evensomestudentsonlyreadwhattheyhavetoread,nothingmorethanthat!7Wecannotwithstandthehungertovisitanotherworld,tomeetdifferentpeople,toliveotherlivesandtoreflectonourselves.Doyouagreethatwe“liveotherlives”whenreading?Oristhisanexaggeration?Iagreethatwehavestrongimaginativeexperienceswhenweread.Maybeyoucancallthis“livingotherlives”sometimes,butforme,anyway,thissimplydoesn’thappenveryoftenandwhenitdoeshappenitisonlyforashorttime.Ithinkthewriterisexaggeratingheretomakethepointthatreadinghasimportanceinourimagination.8Booksmaychangeyourlife.Isthisasuitabletitle–andending–forthepassage?Why/Whynot?Yes,IthinkitOKasacatchytitle–itgetsourattention,afterall,andrepeatingitattheendmakesakindofcodaliketheendingofapieceofmusicwhichechoessomethingnearthebeginning.Alsoifyoulookcarefully,itdoeshaveanoteofcautionbyusing“maybe”insteadof“will”,sothistitleisn’tadefinitepromise,it’smoreofanattractiveidea,thatyourlifemaybechangedthroughbooks,butmightnotbe.Nowdiscusswhichoftheabovestatementswouldhavebeenmoreeffectiveifbackedupbyexample(s).Infact,itseemsthatanyofthemcouldeffectivelybeillustratedbyexamples,butifallofthemweretobebackedupwithexamples,thewholepassagewouldbealotlongerandmaybetooheavywithexamples.IfIhadtochoosejusttwostatementswhichneedsupportingexamples,IwouldsaynumbersthreeandsixbecauseI’dsaytheideasabout‘growing’throughbooksandbooks‘defining’ourlivesaretoovaguewithoutexamples.Activereading(2)TheywerealiveandtheyspoketomeBackgroundinformationThisisfromTheBooksinMyLifebyHenryMiller(1861–1980),anAmericannovelist,writerandpainter.MillerwasborninNewYork,livedinParis1930–1939,andtheninCalifornia.Hisbest-knownworksblendfiction,autobiography,socialcriticismandmysticism:TropicofCancer(1934publishedinFrance)describeshislifeandlovesinParisandbecauseofitssexualfranknessitwasnotpublishedintheUSAtill1961;BlackSpring(1936)hastenautobiographicalstories;TropicofCapricorn(1939)isabouthisyearswiththeWesternUnionTelegraphCompany;TheColossusofMaroussi(1941),consideredbysomecriticstobehisbestwork,isatravelbookaboutpeoplefromhisstayinGreece.InTheBooksinMyLife(1969)Millerlooksat100booksthatinfluencedhim.Hislistincludeschildren’sbookswrittenoriginallyforadults(egAliceinWonderland,TheArabianNights,GreekMythsandLegends,RobinsonCrusoe,TheThreeMusketeers);manyFrenchnovelsandpoetry(egbyBalzac,Hugo,Giono,Nerval,Proust,Rimbaud,Huysmans,Maeterlinck),Germannovels(byMann,Hesse,Dreiser)andtheChineseLaoTseandFenollosa’sTheChineseWrittenCharacterasaMediumforPoetry,besidesworkbyAmericanwriters(Twain,Emerson,Thoreau,Whitman),Dostoievshy,Nietzsche,Joyceandwritersonspiritualtopics.CulturepointsAugustStrindberg(1849–1912):ASwedishplaywrightandaprolificwriterofnovels,shortstories,satires,essaysandpoems,andaphotographer,whotriedvariousjobsbeforebecomingassistantlibrarianattheRoyalLibraryinStockholmandestablishedanexperimentaltheatre.Heisbestknownforhisplays,includingTheFather(1887)andMissJulie(1888),andforhisvitality,vigour,andbrilliantuseoflanguage.MillercitesStrindberg’sautobiographies,TheConfessionofaFool(vol.2),apassionatelovestoryandaccountofproblemsinhismarriage,andTheInferno(vol.3),astudyofhisreligiousconversion,delusionsandneuroseswhichreflectStrindberg’speriodsofmentalinstability.BlaiseCendrars(1887–1961)isthepennameofFrédéricSauser,aSwiss-bornFrenchnovelist,shortstorywriter,poet,andfilm-maker,wholedalifeofconstanttravel(hewasborninanItalianrailwaytrain)doingvariousjobsinRussia,Europe,NorthandSouthAmericaandAsia–heissaidtohaveshoveledcoalonsteamtrainsinChina.HelosthisrightarmfightingforFranceinWorldWarI.Hisproseincludesvivid,witty,action-packednovels,likeMoravagine(1926),whichdescribetravelandadventure,orworksdirectlyinspiredbyhisownexperience,likeTheAstonishedMan(1945)andTheCutHand(1946),andfourvolumesofmemoirs.Milleradmiredhisworkandlists‘virtuallythecompleteworks’ofCendrarsasinfluentialreading.RémydeGourmont(1858–1915):aFrenchwriterof50books:essays,novelsandpoetry,withastronginterestinmedievalLatinliterature;asacritichewasadmiredbyT.S.Eliot.HewasalibrarianattheNationalLibraryinParis;later,apainfulskindiseasekepthimlargelyathome.Hewasinfluentialinthesymbolistmovementinliterature.Heclaimedthataworkofartexistsonlythroughtheemotionitgivesus.Heassertedtheneedtogetawayfromtheunquestioningacceptanceofcommonplaceideasandassociationsofideas,andbelieveditwasnecessaryforthoughttoproceedbyimageryratherthanbyideas.JuliusCaesar(110BC–44BC):aRomanstatesman,knownasagreatmilitarystrategist.AsageneralhewasfamousfortheconquestofGaul(modernFranceandBelgium)whichheaddedtotheRomanEmpire.HealsomadetwoexpeditionstoBritain,wasgovernorofSpainandtraveledinNorthAfricaandEgypt.HewasagoodspeakerandhewroteseveralbooksofcommentariesandmemoirsonRomanwarsandmilitarycampaigns.Caesar’swritingisoftenstudiedtodaybythosewholearnLatin.TheJuliusCaesarofliterature:thisphrasecomparesCendrarswithCaesar:bothweremenofaction,travelers,adventurers,explorers,whosomehowfoundtimetoreadalotandwritebooks.Languagepoints1Thefact,however,thatinthepastIdidmostofmyworkwithouttheaidoflibraryIlookuponasanadvantageratherthanadisadvantage.(Para1)Thisisirony.Milleriswritingabouttheimportanceofreadingandaboutkeybooksinhislife,butthereisaparadox:Onlyrecentlyhashebeenabletogetallthebookshehaswantedallhislife(iehenowhasmoney,asabest-sellingwriter,tobuybooks)and,asawriter,hewrotebookswithoutthehelpofalibrary.Hesaysthatnothavingbookswasanadvantage.TheexplanationisprobablythatMiller’searlywritingwasamixtureofautobiographyandfiction,sohedidn’tneedtoreadotherbooksorrefertothemtodohisownwriting.Theironyisthatheissayingthisinabookaboutthebookstheinfluencedhim.2Agoodbooklivesthroughthepassionaterecommendationofonereadertoanother.(Para3)Millerthinksthatagoodpartofthe‘life’ofabookishowonereaderrecommendsittoanotherwithenthusiasm,iebooksareaboutsharingexperience,notjusttheauthor’sexperienceinthebookandthereader’sexperienceofreadingit,butalsotheexperienceofword-of-mouthorface-to-facerecommendationbyotherreaders.3Andthebetterthemanthemoreeasilywillhepartwithhismostcherishedpossessions.(Para4)ThiscontinuesMiller’sthoughtthatbooksareforsharing.Agoodpersonwillsharethingsheorsheloves.Inthiscase,suchapersonwillgiveorlendfavouritebooksandsuchgenerositymakesfriends:Whenyougivebooksyougetfriendship.4Ifyouarehonestwithyourselfyouwilldiscoverthatyourstaturehasincreasedfromthemereeffortofresistingyourimpulse.(Para6)Miller’sargumenthereisthatyoushouldnotreadeverything,butthatyoushouldchooseverycarefullyandselectively.Thismeansyoushouldresistthetemptationtoreadsomethingswhicharenotreallygoingtoaddtoyourknowledgeorenjoyment(noteverybookwilldothis,onlysome).Here,hesaysthatinthisway,wegrow(we“increaseourstature”).Thatis,wegrowbynotreadingmanybooks.Theimplicationisthatifwechoosetheverybestbooksandreadthesefewreallycarefullywewillgetthebestfromthem–andgrowbysuchselection.Millerdiscusses100bookswhichhethingsaresuchbooks.5Allontheside,asitwere.(Para7)Cendrarswasamanofactionwhospentmostofhistimeontravelsandadventures.Surprisingly(youwouldthinkhedidnothavetime),hereadalotindifferentlanguagesandevenwrotemanybooks–thiswasinadditiontohismainactivities.6For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.(Para7)Cendrarshadahugereputationasamanofaction,travelling,havingadventuresandexploringdifferentcountriesandyethereadalot(heknewhowtousethelittletimeavailabletoread).“Waste”isinquotestoshowirony(readingisn’tawasteoftime),thathereadsinaroyalmanner(ieverythoroughly).ThesentencestructurehereisquiteFrenchwiththerepetitionof“he”.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhatdoesMillerconsidertohavebeenanadvantageduringhiswritingcareer?(a)Tohavebeenabletoreadallthebookshewanted.(b)Tohavegrownupinaroomfullofbooks.(c)Tohavewrittenwithouttheaidofalibrary.(d)Thefactthatheneverwantedtoownanybooks.2WhatdidthreestarsonabookmeaninthepubliclibraryinMiller’syouth?(a)Youngpeopleweren’tallowedtoreadthem.(b)Theywerethemostpopularbooksinthelibrary.(c)Theywereintendedforchildren.(d)Theyweremoreexcitingthanone-starbooks.3WhydoesMillerhopethestarsystemstillexistsinpubliclibraries?(a)Itisanefficientsystemwhichworkswell.(b)Itdiscouragespeoplefromreadinginappropriatebooks.(c)Itmakespeopleinterestedinreading.(d)Itmakesiteasierforpeopletorecognizebooks.4Whydopeoplelendbooks,inMiller’sopinion?(a)Becausetheyfeeltheneedtosharetheirfeelings.(b)It’sthebestwaytomakeafriend.(c)It’slessriskythanlendingmoney.(d)Becauseit’snotpossibletopossessabookforever.5AccordingtoMiller,whatshouldyoudowhenyoufindabookyouwanttoread?(a)Pickitupandstartreading.(b)Askafriendforadviceaboutthebook.(c)Thinkaboutwhetheryoureallyneedtoreadit.(d)Onlyreaditifitisoriginal.6WhatdoesMillerespeciallyadmireaboutBlaiseCendrars?(a)Hehadaveryadventurouslife.(b)Hewasagreatwriter.(c)Heknewwhattodowithhistime.(d)Hereadaswellaswrotealot.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1thequalityofbeingnew,interesting,anddifferentfromanythingthatanyonehascreatedbefore(originality)2theprocessofputtingpeopleorthingsintoparticulargroupsaccordingtothefeaturestheyhave(classification)3tomakeanorganizedanddeterminedattempttodealwithaproblem(tackle)4tomakesomethingbetterormoreenjoyable(enrich)5adifficultyorproblemthatpreventsyoufromachievingsomething(obstacle)6tosinkunderwateranddie(drown)7notbeingused(idle)8asuggestionthatsomeoneorsomethingisespeciallysuitableorusefulforaparticularsituation(recommendation)9tomakealotofefforttoachievesomething(strive)4CompletetheconversationwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.TeachingtipsWhenSshavecompletedthegapswithappropriatewords,askthemtoworkinpairstopreparearadiointerview:StudentAistheinterviewer,StudentBisProfessorRidgeway.SsshouldreadthedialogueUnit2Agoodread60asnaturallyaspossible,tryingtomaketheirreadingsoundinteresting.Thenchooseapairtoroleplaytheirinterviewtotheclass.Theclasslistensandafterwardsgivesa“naturalness”score(1–10)andan“interesting”score(1–10),accordingtothewaytheinterviewcameacrosstotheaudience.AProfessorRidgeway,you’vejustwrittenabiographyofthepoetShelley,who(1)drownedoffthecoastofItalyin1822inasailingaccident.Asyouremindusintheintroduction,people’sliveshavebeen(2)enrichedbypoetryforthousandsofyears.What(3)recommendationcouldyoumaketoayoungpoetwhoisjustbeginningtheircareer?BThattheyshouldalways(4)strivetobethemselves,andnottoworryabout(5)originality.Oncethey’vefoundtheirownvoice,itwillbeoriginalinitsownway,becauseeveryoneisunique.ASoyoudon’tbelieveinthe(6)classificationswhichlabelpoetsas“romantic”or“modernist”andsoon?BIdo,buttheyhavelimitedvalue.AWhatdoyouthinkisthemain(7)obstaclefacingyoungpoetstoday?BIthinkitistoacceptthatyoucannotbeproductiveallthetime.Apoet’smindisnever(8)idleandwaitingfortherightmomentispartofthecreativeprocess.Allotherproblemsarerelative,andcanbe(9)tackledwhenyougettothem.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Ifeltdepressedandlackinginconfidenceafterreadinghiscriticismofmynovel.(demoralized)2HenryMiller’sTheBooksinMyLifeisabout,asthenamesuggests,thestoryofhislife.(autobiographical)HenryMiller’sTheBooksinMyLifeis,asthenamesuggests,autobiographical.3Shakespearehadanextraordinarytalentasawriter,whichiswithoutcomparisoninthehistoryofEnglishliterature.(prodigious;unparalleled)4Somepeoplelooktoabookforpleasureratherthanforunderstanding.(enlightenment)5TheexperimentinbanningalcoholdrinksintheUnitedStatesactuallyledtoanincreaseincrime.(prohibiting)6I’mnotsureifitistotheiradvantageforreaderstoreadthisreviewbeforetheystartthebook.(advantageous)7Miller’sTropicofCancerwas,withoutdoubt,oneofthemostinfamousnovelsofthe20thcentury.(indubitably)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomeonemakesaconfession,dotheytellyousomething(a)personalandsecret,or(b)whicheveryoneknows?2Ifsomeonewhetsyourappetiteforsomething,dotheymakeyou(a)desireforit,or(b)dislikeit?3Ifyouwadethroughpilesofdocuments,doyou(a)readordealwiththem,or(b)justignorethem?4Ifyouhavetoforegosomething,doyou(a)finishitquickly,or(b)dowithoutit?5Issomeonewhohasbusinessacumen(a)goodatbusiness,or(b)withoutanybusinessskills?6Isarepetitivejoboneinwhichyoudo(a)differentthings,or(b)thesamethingeveryday?7Ifyoudosomethingontheside,doyoudoit(a)inadditiontoaregularactivity,or(b)wherenoonecanseeyoudoit?Readingandinterpreting7Answerthequestions.1Whatisthefirststrugglethathehaswithbooks?Miller’sfirststruggleistoobtainbooksandgethishandsonthem.2Whyisitdifficulttolayhandsonthem?ThebooksarenotinthepubliclibrarybecausesomeonehasalreadyborrowedthemandMillerdoesn’thavethemoneytobuythem.3Whatsortofbooksareprohibitedforayoungman?Bookswhichareconsideredtobeimmoralforayoungpersontoread.4Whatisthebestwaytobeintroducedtoabook?Throughthepassionaterecommendationofsomeonewhohasreadthebook.5Whatisanunusedbooklyingonashelfcomparedwith?Itiscomparedwithwastedammunition.Thismeansthatitisuseless.Itisalsocomparedtomoneybecauseitshouldbeincirculation.6WhydoesMillersuggestresistingyourimpulsesandnotopeningabookassoonasyougetit?Hesaysyoushouldthinkintenselyaboutthetitle,author,andlikelycontents,imaginingwhatyouwouldhavewrittenyourselfaboutit.Thenyoumaydecideyoudon’tneedtoreadit,or,ifyoudoreadit,youwillreaditwithmoreinterestandacumen.Languageinusewordformation:-ous1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1awriterwhohasachievedfame(famous)2readerswhoshowcuriosity(curious)3someonewhofeelsenvy(envious)4aregionwhichisfullofmountains(mountainous)5aparcelwhichhasaverylargevolume(voluminous)infinitive/gerundasthesubjectofasentence2Completethesentencesusinginfinitiveorgerundasthesubject.Usuallybothformsarepossible,butyoushouldbeabletojustifyyourchoice.1Gettingupearlyinthemorninggivesmemoretimetoorganizetheday.(Toexpressaneverydayactivity)2Towriteabest-sellerhasalwaysbeenmydream.(Thisisabitmoreabstractorafar-awaygrandidea)3Forgettingtotakebackalibrarybookmaynotseemserious,butitcausesproblemsforotherstudents.(Toexpressanormalactivityformanypeople)4Tospendalotoftimereadinginone’schildhoodcanbringrewardslaterinlife.(Usethemoreabstractformforanimportantidea)5Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.(InShakespearethiscanbeinterpretedasagrandidea,soheusestheformalway;ifyousay,‘Beingornotbeing…’ismaybemoreimmediateandseemsnormal–butinHamletthesituationisnotnormal)suchis/are…3Rewritethesentencesusingsuchis/are…1Goodwritingissopowerfulthatthereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Thereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Suchisthepowerofgoodwriting.2ThenovelSalmonFishingintheYemenissocharmingthatyoucan’tputitdownevenforamoment.Youcan’tputSalmonFishingintheYemendownevenforamoment.Suchisthecharmofthenovel.3Travelissuchapleasurethatyoumayenduplivinginanothercountry.Youmayenduplivinginanothercountry.Suchisthepleasureoftravel.4Thesenseofconfusioninthisfilmissogreatthatyoumayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Youmayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Suchisthesenseofconfusioninthisfilm.5Thedifficultiesoftranslationaresoenormousthatmuchofthemeaningislost.Muchofthemeaningislost.Suchistheenormityofthedifficultiesoftranslation.if/whetheritbe…4Rewritethesentencesusingif/whetheritbe…1Isittherighttimetostartthiskindofproject?Askyourselfcarefully.Askyourselfcarefullywhetheritbetherighttimetostartthiskindofproject.2IsitthefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary?Iverymuchdoubtit.IverymuchdoubtifthisbethefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary.3IsitcommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis?I’mnotsure.IamnotsureifitbecommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis.4Isitnecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication?Perhapsweshouldinquire.Perhapsweshouldinquirewhetheritbenecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication.5Isittherightwaytotackletheproblem?Idoubtit.Idoubtifitbetherightwaytotackletheproblem.collocations5Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1confrontThiswordusuallymeanstodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whicharethemostimportantproblemswehavetoconfrontintoday’sworld?Thiscouldbealonglist!I’dsay:globalwarming,pollution,watershortages,extremeweatherconditions,localmilitaryconflicts,poverty,famineandhunger,unemployment,tonameonlyafew.(b)Wereyouconfrontedbyanyoneaskingforsomethingonyourwaytoclasstoday?Nottoday,butafewdaysagoIwasconfrontedbysomeoneaskingformoney–whichIdidn’tlikeatall.(c)What’sthebiggestcrisisyou’veeverbeenconfrontedwith?TheproblemthatmygrandfatheriselderlyandhasAlzheimer’sdisease:Heneedsconstantcarebecauseheforgetsordinarythings.Itisdifficultformyparentsandformebecausewealltaketurnstolookafterhim.IrealizedwhatthiswasreallylikewhenIhadtolookafterhimforaweekendwhenmyparentswereaway,butIdiscoveredIhavealotmorepatiencenow.Soperhapsthiscrisishashelpedustodevelopsomegoodqualities,althoughitisactuallyaverydifficulttimeforallofus.2idleThiswordusuallymeansnotbeingused,lazy,orwithoutanyrealreasonorpurpose.(a)Ifsomeoneisidlebynature,whatdon’ttheylikedoing?Theydon’tlikedoingworkorotherthingsthattheyshoulddobutwhichtheydon’tlikedoing.(b)Ifmachineryisidle,whatisn’titdoing?Themachineryisnotbeingused.(c)Ifsomeonepicksupabookoutofidlecuriosity,dotheyhaveastrongmotivationtoreadit?Notreally,theyjusthaveaslightcuriositytoseewhatthebookis,buttheyhavenorealinterest.(d)Ifsomeonemakesyouanidlethreat,doyoutakeitseriously?No,youdon’tbecauseyouknowthatthethreathasnorealpurpose.3tackleThiswordusuallymeanstochallengesomeoneorsomething,ortomakeanattempttodealwithaproblem.(a)Whatarethemainissuesthegovernmentneedstotackleinthenearfuture?Well.Isupposethereareseveralissueswhichneedtobetackled,includingrisingpricesandemploymentinsomeplaces,orsomesocialproblemsinafewareas.(b)Howdoyoutacklesomeoneabouttheirideasandopinions?Iaminclinedtobedirectandsimplyaskthemabouttheiropinionsandideas.IthinktheywilltellmehonestlyiftheybelieveIamreallyinterestedinwhattheythink.(c)Ifyoutacklesomeoneinagameoffootball,whathaveyoumanagedtodo?Youhavemanagedtogettheballawayfromthemsothatyourteamcankeeptheballforamoment.4withstandThiswordusuallymeanstobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething,ortobeabletodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whatsortofdefencescanwithstandadirectattack?Towithstandadirectattackyouneedstrongdefenceswhicharewellplaced.(b)Whatsortofclothesallowyoutowithstandthecoldinwinter?Towithstandthecoldinwinter,youneedthick,warmclothes.(c)Canyouwithstandthepressureofhavingtoproduceregularassignmentsonyourcourse?Yes,Ican.Actually,ourteachersgenerallygiveusourassignmentsatintervalsandweusuallyknowwellinadvancewhatweshould.Soaslongasyougetonwiththework(anddon’tleaveituntilthelastminute!)thepressureisnottoobadandwecanmanage.6TranslatetheparagraphintoChinese.Indubitablythevastmajorityofbooksoverlaponeanother.Fewindeedarethosewhichgivetheimpressionoforiginality,eitherinstyleorincontent.Rarearetheuniquebooks–lessthan50,perhaps,outofthewholestorehouseofliterature.Inoneofhisrecentautobiographicalnovels,BlaiseCendrarspointsoutthatRémydeGourmont,becauseofhisknowledgeandawarenessofthisrepetitivequalityinbooks,wasabletoselectandreadallthatisworthwhileintheentirerealmofliterature.Cendrarshimself–whowouldsuspectit?–isaprodigiousreader.Hereadsmostauthorsintheiroriginaltongue.Notonlythat,butwhenhelikesanauthorhereadseverylastbookthemanhaswritten,aswellashislettersandallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenabouthim.Inourdayhiscaseisalmostunparalleled,Iimagine.For,notonlyhashereadwidelyanddeeply,buthehashimselfwrittenagreatmanybooks.Allontheside,asitwere.For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.Heis,inasense,theJuliusCaesarofliterature.（几处倒装句应灵活处理，以体现原文语气。everylastbookthemanhaswritten等于allthebookshehaswritten。注意这段话的逻辑关系。Ifheisanything,heisamanof…一句中的if从句起强调作用，说明他不是一个书生或思想家，而是一个行动家。此处需灵活翻译。）不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世上，像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的，他不仅读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何大量“浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学届的凯撒大帝。7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.1张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时，他感慨不已：他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍，而他却只读了一些教科书，其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。ItwasnotuntilafterhehadgraduatedfromuniversityandstartedtoworkthatZhangLeibecameawareofthepleasureofreading.Reflectingonhisundergraduatestudies,helamentedthathe,unlikehisclassmateswhohadimmersedthemselvesinvariousinterestingbookstheywereabletolayhandsonfromthelibraryorbookshop,hadonlyreadtextbooks,noneofwhichwasreallyworthwhile,orcouldbereadinonesitting.Hewasdeprivedoftheprivilegeofgainingaccesstothewriters’fantasticworldsthroughthewindowstheirbookshaveopened,sotospeak.2如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景，帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活的真谛。(reflecton;inonesitting;layhandson;immersein;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)Nowhehasbecomeanavidandomnivorousreader.Itisasifhewantstomakeupforthosemarvellousbookshehadn’thadachancetoreadinhisuniversitydays.Bynow,inhissparetime,hehasreadseveralhundredsofbooks,includingnovels,biographiesandtravelnotes.Herealizesthatbookscannotonlyrevealtohimthevistaofahopefulfutureandhelphimwithstandstressesandstrains,theycanalsohelphimclearupsomemisconceptionsanddiscoverthetruemeaningoflife.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)危险！书可能会改变你的人生刘易斯·卡罗尔书中的爱丽丝不小心掉到兔子洞里，在那里发现了一个神奇的仙境。当我们打开一本书时，我们也会像爱丽丝那样走进一个全新的世界。我们能从一个年长人的角度，或通过一个孩子的眼睛来观察生活；我们可以周游世界，遍访现实生活中从没想过要访问的国家和文化；我们可以体验未曾经历过的事情，这些事情有时令人不安，也许引人入胜；可能是不愉快的也可能是令人痛苦的，但无论如何都至少能把我们从现实世界中解放出来。英国诗人威廉·考珀（1731–1800）说，“变化是生活的调味品，它让生活变得有滋有味。”虽然他没有说在什么地方以及怎样才能找到变化，但我们知道他说得对。我们知道我们生活在一个充满变化与差异的世界里，我们知道人们的生活方式各不相同，人们过日子的方式不同，做不同工作，有不同信仰，持不同观点，有不同的风俗习惯，操不同语言。通常，我们不知道这些差异的大小，但一旦发生了不平常的事情并引起了我们的注意，这种变化或差异与其说是机会，毋宁说是威胁。读书让我们能够安全地享受和庆贺这种变化与差异，为我们提供成长的机会。在家里安详平和的环境中与他人的生活互动，这是阅读小说才享有的特权。我们甚至感觉到——哪怕只是在那一瞬间——我们和异文化读者的共同点要多于我们和家门口随便碰到的一个人的共同点。我们学会把目光移出我们周围的环境，投向天边，去领略一下异域山水。如果我们怀疑读书是否能给我们力量的话，我们就应该麻烦自己去一趟当地的图书馆或书店，或者，如果我们足够幸运的话，从家里的书架上取一本书来读一读。我们会惊奇于古今小说的标题所创造出来的壮观景象：约翰·斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》、约翰·欧文的《第四只手》、亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴的《癌症病房》、厄内斯特·海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》、格雷厄姆·格林的《哈瓦那特派员》、奥黛丽·尼芬格的《时间旅行者的妻子》、保罗·托迪的《到也门钓鲑鱼》。一旦开始阅读，我们就必须思考我们在书中读到的别样人生。每一本书都有自己的语言、方言、词汇和语法。我们不见得总能理解其中的每一个字、句，但不管我们是痴迷其中，还是觉得被排除在外，我们的情感被调动起来了。尽管在地理上有一定的距离，但其他民族、其他文化未必就离我们那么遥远。在书里我们可能遇见生活在不同气候、有不同信仰、来自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一条街上的邻居，我们都有可能只在书上相识。小时候，在我们刚刚能听讲的时候，书对我们的生活方式就产生了很大的影响。从父母给孩子读的睡前故事一直到成年后家中摆满书柜的客厅，书界定了我们的人生。英国作家E.M.福斯特（1879–1970）暗示书对我们具有另一种更加神秘的支配力。他写道：“我认为能影响我们的书籍是那些我们已经准备要读的书，它们只是在我们已经选定的道路上走得比我们更远一些而已。”合适的书好像自己就会在恰当的时候找到我们，出现在我们面前，而不是我们去寻找那本书。美国修士、牧师及作家托马斯·默顿（1915–1968）曾经被记者一连串地问了7个问题：说出你最近读完的3本书；你正在读的3本书；你打算要读的书；对你有影响的书，并解释为什么；一本每人都要读的书，并解释为什么。关于对他有影响的书，他列出了《威廉·布莱克诗集》、古希腊思想家和作家写的各种戏剧以及一些宗教作品。当被问及这些书为何会影响他时，他回答说：“这些书——还有其他类似的书籍——帮助我找到了人生的真谛，它们把我从生活的困惑和空虚中解脱出来。销售就是一切的文化培育了人的需求和被动，而那种生活就深陷其中。”__那么，你又会如何回答这些问题呢？1947年，克里夫顿·费迪曼发明了“全垒打书籍”这个词。当一个棒球手打出一个全垒打时，因为击球有力、打得远，他有时间跑完整个棒球场内的四个垒，不仅自己得分，而且帮其他各个垒的跑垒者得分，这是棒球赛里最有趣和最开心的事情。同样，一本“全垒打书籍”指的不是儿童的第一次读书的经历，而是指他们第一次读到一本能给他们带来极大的愉悦和满足感的书、痴迷到手不释卷的经历。对世界上数以亿计的儿童来说，“全垒打书籍”的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列小说。作为成年人，我们总在寻找自己的“全垒打书籍”，不是第一次，而是一次又一次地寻找。所有一口气读完一本小说的人都会记得那种令人期待的愉悦和满足感，并会焦急、固执、有时甚至疯狂地寻求重复体验这种感觉。我们想周游另一世界、会见不同国家不同民族的人、经历别样人生并自我反省，我们无法遏制这样的渴求。危险！书可能会改变你的人生。这就是读书的力量。Activereading(2)它们是活生生的，它们在跟我说话我坐在一间小屋子里，屋子的一面摆满了书。这是我头一次有闲功夫和一堆书这样的东西打交道。所有的书加起来最多不超过500本，但大多数是我自己挑的。自打我开始写作生涯以来，我这是第一次坐拥我一直渴望拥有的这么多书籍。事实上，我过去的大多数工作都不依靠图书馆，我把这看成是优点，而不是缺点。与读书产生联想的头一件事就是我为获取图书展开的斗争。请注意，不是拥有它们，而是要把它们搞到手。一旦对书产生了激情，我就要面对重重困难。公共图书馆里我要借的书总是被借出去了，当然，我又总是没钱买书。我那时只有十八、九岁，要想得到社区图书馆的批准借阅类似斯特林堡写的《痴人的忏悔》这样的“不道德”的书是不可能的。在那个年代，年轻人禁读的书都根据官方认定的违背道德的程度被贴上了星星—一颗星、两颗星、三颗星。我猜想，这种做法至今依然存在。我也希望如此，因为我知道，没有任何别的方法比这种愚蠢的分类和禁止更能吊起读者的胃口。是什么让一本书有了生命力？这个问题经常从我脑子里冒出来！我觉得答案很简单：一本书之所以有生命力，是因为读者满怀激情地推荐它。这是人的基本冲动，什么都阻挡不了。不管愤世嫉俗者和人类厌恶者持何种观点，我相信人们总是会尽力分享自己感触最深的经验。书是人类最为珍爱的几样东西之一。人越好，就越愿意与他人分享自己的珍藏。躺在书架上无人翻阅的书就像是废弃的弹药。书和钱一样要流通起来，要最大限度地借书、借钱！尤其要多借书，因为书所代表的东西比钱要多得多。书不仅是朋友，它还可以帮你交朋友。当你在精神上、心灵上拥有一本书的时候，你的人生就变得丰富多彩。当你把书传给别人的时候，你的人生就倍加丰富。说到这里，有一种抑制不住的冲动让我向大家提出一条无偿的忠告。那就是：尽量读得少而精，不是越多越好！哎，我也着实羡慕那些在书堆里埋头读书的人。我私下里也确实想尽力读完所有内心里一直想读的书。但是，我知道这并不重要，我知道我读过的书中只有不到十分之一是我需要读的。人生中最难办到的事情莫过于学会只做有益于自己的康乐、对自己的康乐至关重要的事情。我是经过慎重考虑才提出这个宝贵的忠告的，有一个高招可以核实它的对错。当你碰到一本你想读或觉得该读的书的时候，先把书搁下，放几天再说。但你要使劲琢磨这本书，仔细琢磨书名和作者的名字，想想如果让你来写这本书，你会写些什么。认真地问自己是否有必要把这本书纳入自己的知识库或娱乐储备。尽力想象一下，放弃这份额外的乐趣或启迪对你将意味着什么？之后，如果你觉得__你必须读这本书，那么观察一下你在“啃”这本书的时候是否表现出非凡的洞察力。同时你也观察一下：即便这本书很诱人，它也许并没有给你带来什么新的东西。只要坦诚对己，你就会发现：只要抑制住自己的冲动，你的境界就提高了。不容置疑的是，大多数书都互相重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人，他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写的每一本书，包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想，在当今世上，像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的，他不仅读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足的行动家，一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家，一个懂得如何大量“浪费”时间的人。从某种意义上说，他是文学届的凯撒大帝。Unit3Activereading(1)BackgroundinformationFashionisgenerallydividedintosubsectors:menswear,womenswear,sportswearandstreetwear,hosiery(socks,tights,stockings),formalwearandcasualwear.Fashionandthechoiceofwhatclotheswebuyandwearisinfluencedbyourbeliefs,attitudesandpersonality.Butthispassageshowsthatthestockmarketcanalsobeaninfluence.CulturepointsTheCaliforniangoldrush(1848–1855)wasaperiodofrapidmigrationofminersandotherworkersintoCaliforniafollowingthedramaticdiscoveryofgoldintheSierraNevada.ItledtothesettlementofCalifornia.SwingingLondonisatermthatdescribesfashionandculturaltrendsinmusicandthemediainmid-1960sBritain,especiallyLondon.Iconsofthetimeincludedtheminiskirt,theminicar,thefirstsupermodelslikeTwiggy(whowasfamousforbeingverythin)andfashionableshoppingstreetsforclothes(likeCarnabyStreetandKingsRoadinLondon).Thehippiemovementbeganintheearly1960sinCaliforniaandspreadinternationally.Hippieshadareputationforsocialrebellion(egwithdrugsandsexualbehaviour)andalternativelifestyles(egincommunes).Theytriedtofindanewwayoflifewhichvaluedpeace,individuality,andreligiousandculturaldiversity.Themovementinfluencedpopularmusic,TVandfilm,literatureandthearts.Hippiefashionsincludedlongfullskirts,bell-bottomedjeans,home-madeandtie-dyedgarments,theuseofflowerdesigns(whichrepresentedpeaceandlove),andinfluencesfromnon-Westernculturesinheadscarves,headbands,braceletsandlongbeadednecklaces.Thepunkperiodfeaturesfashionsthatexpressedangeragainstsocietyandincludedbrightlycolouredhair,rippedclothesandstuddedbelts.TheNewRomanticswasayouthfashionmovement,developedin1960sinLondon.Itisstronglyassociatedwithmusic,whichwasinspiredbyhistoricalperiods,especiallytheEnglishRomanticMovement.Fashionshadadramatic,flamboyantlookwithlusciousfabrics,looseshirtswithfrillsandshortshirtcollars,unfolded,withtopbuttonsunfastenedandusingmonotonecolours.Powerdressingisastylishandperhapsexpensivewayofdressing(usuallyforbusiness,theprofessionsorpolitics)whichisintendedtogivetheimpressionthatthepersonwearingtheclothesisassertiveandcompetent,throughtheuseofstructuredshapes,shoulderpads,smartfabrics,highheelsandcleancutstylingintheformofworkuniform.Whetherwearingparticularstylesofclothingempowersthewearerorwhethernewly-empoweredpeoplesimplywearclothesthatreflecttheirachievementsisanopenquestion.MiamiVicewasaclassic1980sTVcrimedramaabouttwodetectiveswhogoundercovertofightdrugtraffickers.Theseries–andthe2006film–wasnotedforitsstronguseofmusicandvisualeffects;ithasbeenrebroadcastaroundtheworld.DuringthefiveyearsofmakingthisTVseriestheproducersexplicitlysoughttheadviceofdesigners(egGianniVersace,HugoBoss)inordertodisplaythelatestEuropeanfashiontrends,withtheresultthatMiamiVicehadasignificantinfluenceon1980smen’sfashionintheUSAandelsewhere,andevenonthe2000srevival(itwascalled“retro”or“retrospectivestyle”).TheclothingstyleoftheTVdetectives,SonnyCrockettandRicoTubbs,hadpastelcolouredT-shirtsandsuits,nosocks,sunglasses,andanunshavenappearanceofasmallamountofbeardstubble.HeavymetalmusicisakindofrockmusicthatdevelopedintheUKandUSAinthelate1960sandearly1970s,characterizedbyloudness,speed,distortedamplifiedsoundsandextendedguitarsolos.Converseisacompanywhichhasproducedbasketballshoessince1917,especiallytheChuckTaylorAllStarstrainers(oftenabbreviatedto“Chucks”or“Cons”),namedafterthebasketballplayerwhocontributedtothedesignandwasthecompany’sbestsalesman.Nikeisaleadingsupplierofsportswearandequipment.ThisAmericancompanystartedmakingNikeshoesin1971.TheyarenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.Thestockmarketindexesshowtheperformanceofthestockmarket,typicallyreflectingtheriseandfallofthesharesoflargecompanies,egtheFTSE(also“footsie”)isanindexofthetop100companieslistedontheLondonstockexchangeandtheNikkei225isanindexofthestockmarketinTokyo.Languagepoints1Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960to2010canoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors:theubiquitousjeansand...(para1)Thewordubiquitousmeanspresenteverywhere.Thustheubiquitousjeansmeansthatjeanscanbefoundeverywhere.2Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.Aneconomicboomisasuddenincreaseintrade,businessactivityanddevelopmentinaparticularareaorregion;aneconomicbustisabusinessfailureorbankruptcybecauseoflackofmoney.Theexpressioneconomicboomandbustdescribescyclesinwhichaboomperiodofgrowth,highproductionandrisingpricesisfollowedbyeconomicdecline,contractionandunemploymentbeforeanewcycle.3Whenevertheeconomicoutlookisunsettled...(para2)Theeconomicoutlookisunsettledmeanstheeconomyisunstable,thatis,theeconomyhasproblemsandislikelytochangesuddenly,makingpeopleuncertainaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.4ItwasgivengreaterrespectabilitywhenthegreatFrenchdesigner,Courrèges,developeditintoanitemofhighfashion.(para4)Forawhiletheminiskirtwascontroversialandnotrespectablebecauseitshowedalargeextentofthewearer’slegs,butwhenCourrègesdevelopeditinParisfashionshows,thisgaveapprovalandsupport,becausetheminiskirtcouldbeconsideredanitemofhighfashion(havinghighstatusfromaParisfashionhouse).5...butthepredominantcoloursbecameolivegreenandoatmeal.(para10)Predominantcoloursrefertothemostcommoncoloursorthosewhichseemmoreimportantorpowerful.6...whichweredescribedbyonecommentatoras“theprimandproperlookisin…”(para11)Afashionisinwhenitisaneworcurrentstyle,oroutwhenitisout-of-date.7Duringthewholeperiod,fashionstyleshaverangedwidely,andhaveusuallybeensparkedoffbyadesiretoidentifypeopleasbelongingtoaparticularsub-culture.(para14)Duringthewholeperiod,therehasbeenawiderangeofdifferentfashionstyles,whichwereusuallystartedbypeople’swishtoshowtheiridentityinawaythatwouldmakethemdistinctfromtheresetofsociety.VocabularysupportThefollowingaresometermsrelatedtoclothingthatappearinthepassage.Understandingofthesetermsmayhelpwithreadingcomprehensionofthepassage.Hemlinereferstothebottomedgeofadressorskirt.Itshowsthelengthofwomen’sskirtsanddresses–thislengthchangesaccordingtofashion.Denimisathickcottoncloththatisusuallyblueandisusedespeciallytomakejeans.ThenamecomesfromFrenchDeNîmes(“fromNimes”,acityinthesouthFrance).SuchclothwasmadebothinFranceandEnglandinthe17thcentury.ThewordjeanscomesfromGenoa.Sailorsfromthe17th-centuryrepublicofGenoaworkedinFranceandworetrousersmadeofamixofcotton,linenand/orwoolwhichwasmadenearTurininItaly.Bleachedjeanswerealsofashionable.Theyhadbeenthefashionofthe17th-centurysailors,whosetrouserslosttheircolourwhentheywerewashedinseawaterandwereexposedtothesun.Therearevariousdifferentfitstojeanswhichincludebaggy,boot-cut,flares,wideleg,twistedandskinnyjeans.Miniskirtisaveryshortskirtofmid-thighlength.Amicrominiskirtisshorter,uptotheupperthigh;amidiisaskirtwithamoderatelengthbelowtheknee,perhapsmid-calflength;amaxiisanankle-lengthskirt.Apairsoftightsisapieceofwomen’sclothingthattightlycoversthefeetandlegsuptothewaist;stockingsonlycoverthefeetandlegs,andareheldupwithsuspenders.Flareisashapethatbecomeswideratoneend.Aflared“bell-bottom”stylereferstotrouserswithflaredlegs–theygetwidertowardsthefootandtheendisevenwider,likeabell.Apreppystylemeanswearingclassicdesignerclotheswithgoodfabricstopresentaneat,smart,wellbalancedappearancewithbrightcoloursandacleanlook.Apreppylifestyleishappy,friendlyandsociable,withgoodmanners.Thewordpreppyisanabbreviationofpreparatory,whichreferstoprivateorboardingschoolswhicharepreparationforcollege,whichreflectsthestyleofapreppylook.Chinosaretrouserswhichareatypeoflight-weightcottonclothmadeofchinoclothortwill,atypicalformofsmartbutcasualdress.Ahoodispartofacoatorjacketthatcoversyourhead;ahoodie(orhoody)isajacketorsweatshirtwithahood.Primclothesareneat,sensibleandproper,showingverylittleofyourbody.Primandproperfashionsarecareful,modest,formalanddemure,arespectablestylewhichwouldn’toffendanyone.Lycraisalightclothmadefromartificialfibersthatstretchesandkeepsitsshape.Loafersarelowleathershoesthatyousliponandoffanddonotneedtotie.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Whathappenedonthefashionsceneinthe1950s?(a)BluejeansarrivedinEuropeandAsia.(ThishappenedandtheywereworninEuropeandAsia“withhugeenthusiasm”.)(b)Americanyouthstartedwearingjeans.(c)TheFrenchstartedtomanufacturejeans.(d)Americanwomenstartedtoweartrousers.2Whatdowomenwanttododuringaneconomicboom?(a)Showlessoftheirlegs.(b)Showmoreoftheirlegs.(Yes,itseemsthereisadirectcorrelation:astheeconomybooms,hemlinesrise.)(c)Buyshortskirts.(d)Selltheirshares.3Whatdidthetightshelptopromoteinthe1960s?(a)TheFrenchfashionindustry.(b)Stockings.(c)Theminiskirt.(Yes,becausewithouttightsthetopsofstockingswouldshowsinceminiskirtshadmuchhigherhemlines.)(d)TheBeatles.4Whatwaspopularinthemid-1980s?(a)Cleanshavenfaces.(b)Longhair.(c)Denimjeansandjackets.(Yes,thepassagesays“denimremainedpopular...heavymetalmusicfanswore...jeansanddenimjackets.)(d)Shortskirts.5Whatwasfashionableinthe1990s?(a)Designerjeans.(b)Dyedhairandtrainers.(Yes,bothofthesearespecificallymentionedforthe1990s.)(c)Tightjeansandshorthair.(d)Clotheswithbrightcolours.6Whathappenedinthefallof2007?(a)Hemlinesanticipatedaglobalcrisis.(Yes,thisiswhathappened,whichwasunusualaccordingtothepreviouscorrelationthathemlinesfollowedtheeconomicsituationratherthanproceedingoranticipatingit.)(b)Women’sskirtsgotshorter.(c)Therewasacrisisonthestockmarket.(d)Designersbegantolosetouchwithreality.3Matchthephotoswiththesentencesfromthepassage.Photo1(a)Photo2(d)Photo3(g)Photo4(b)Photo5(e)Photo6(f)Photo7(c)Photo1:1960sPhoto4:mid-1960sandearly1970sPhoto3:1970s,theperiodofpunkPhoto2:mid-1980sPhoto5:late1980sPhoto7:1990sPhoto6:2001Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.TeachingtipsAskapairofstudentstopresenttheanswers:studentAreadsthedefinition,Bgivestheanswers.Askthemtospeakclearlyandtoshowconfidence.1abletobeseen(visible)2tothinkorguessthatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis(underestimate)3verybraveanddetermined(courageous)4anurgent,difficultordangeroussituation(crisis)5themostcommonorgreatestinnumberoramount(predominant)6newanddifferentinawaythatmightoffendorupsetsomepeople(daring)5CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.TeachingtipsThistime,togoovertheanswers,Treadsthetextbutpausesbeforeeachgap.Theclassshouldquicklycalloutthecorrectanswer–inthecorrectform–thenTreadson.Atatimeofglobal(1)crisis,whenstockmarketsarefallingacrosstheworld,weshouldnever(2)underestimatetheabilityoffashiondesignerstosurpriseusbybringingsunshineintopeople’slives,andavoidingthe(3)predominanttrendofgloomandpessimism.ThisiscertainlytrueofthefashionindustryinBrazil.In2009,whentheeffectsofthefinancialsituationwere(4)visiblealmosteverywhere,topdesignerslauncheda(5)daringnewcollectioncombininghighhemlines,lownecklines,andlotsofcolour.Asonecommentatorwrote,“Youcancallita(6)courageousdecisionifyoulike,butit’salsoaquestionofBraziliansdoingwhatcomesnaturallytothem.”6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.TeachingtipsThistime,togoovertheanswers,Tchoosesapair.StudentAreadsthesentencesandpausesbeforeeachgap,StudentBgivesthecorrectanswerintheappropriateform.Encouragethepairtospeaknormally.1Ifwedon’tactsoon,thesituationwillgetworse.(deteriorate)2I’mafraidmytrousersgottornwhenItriedtoclimboverthatfence.(ripped)3Youneedthickpiecesofmaterialonyourkneesandelbowsifyougorollerblading.(pads)4Accesstotheshowislimitedtojournalistswithpresspasses.(restricted)5TheDowJoneslistofstocksandsharesfellanother40pointsyesterday.(index)6ThatwasthemostworryingpieceofnewsI’dheardinalongtime.(unsettling)7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isaubiquitousitemofclothingsomethingyoucanfind(a)everywhere,or(b)onlyinrestrictedcircles?2Doesbustrefersto(a)economicgrowth,or(b)financialfailure?3Ifafashionitemissoldexclusivelyinboutiques,canyoufindit(a)indepartmentstorestoo,or(b)innoothershopsapartfromboutiques?4Isabacklasha(a)strong,or(b)weakreactiontosomething?5Doesaglamorouspersonlooks(a)attractive,or(b)unattractive?6Ifyouarelavishwithyourmoney,doyou(a)spendmoneywithcare,or(b)spendmoneyverygenerously?7Ifyoubleachapairofjeans,doyou(a)add,or(b)removeitscolour?8Isawomanwhoisprimandproperismorelikelytowear(a)amicrominiskirt,or(b)aknee-lengthskirt?9Ifamodelisskinny,isshe(a)verythin,or(b)overweight?Readingandinterpreting8Lookatthepassageandfindtheformalequivalentsofthefollowingsentences.Identifytheformalfeaturesintheoriginalversions.1Historianswritingaboutfashionbetween1960and2010alwaysrefertotwoconstantfactors.Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960to2010canoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors.2...youngpeopleboughtthemandworethementhusiasticallyastheyrecognizedthemasasymboloftheyoung,informalAmericanwayoflife....theywereboughtandwornwithhugeenthusiasmbyyoungpeopleandrecognizedasasymboloftheyoung,informalAmericanwayoflife.3Manypeoplehavenoticedtheclosecorrelationbetweenthelengthofwomen’sskirtsandtheeconomy.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthereisaprecisecorrelation,withonlyafewexceptions,betweenthelengthofwomen’sskirtsandtheeconomy.4Hemlinesriseandfallwiththestockmarket.Asthestockmarketrises,sodohemlines,andwhenitfalls,sodothey.5Nobodyreallyknowswhywomenwanttoshowmoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbust.Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.6Thedevelopmentoftights,insteadofstockings,contributedtotheinternationalsuccessoftheminiskirt.Butitwouldnothaveachievedsuchinternationalcurrencywithoutthedevelopmentoftights,insteadofstockings,becausetheriseinhemlinesmeantthestockingtopswouldbevisible.Activereading(2)Eco-jewellery:seaglassBackgroundinformationThisisanarticlefromTimesOnlineof27thSeptember,2008,byAnnaShepard,ajournalistwhowritesacolumncalled“Eco-worrier”.ShespeaksontheradioandTVaboutgreenissuesandhaspublishedabook,HowGreenAreMyWellies:SmallStepsandGiantLeapstoGreenLivingwithStyle.Shelikestheideaofrecyclingglassfromtheseatomakejewellery.CulturepointsLibertyhasbeenawell-knowndepartmentstoreincentralLondonsince1875,sellingfashions,cosmetics,luxurybrandaccessoriesandgifts.CapeTownisthecitywiththesecondlargestpopulationinSouthAfrica.IthasafamousharbourandnotablelandmarksliketheTableMountainadCapePoint.SeahamBeachisnearSunderlandandDurham,inthenorthofEngland.Ithasacenturies-oldtraditionofglass-making,notablyinthe19th-centuryVictorianerawhenworkersdumpedleft-overglassintothesea.Multi-colouredseaglasscanbefoundthere.Languagepoints1...sidlingupanddowninthesurf...(para1)Tosidlemeanstomoveslowlyinaparticulardirection,usuallybecauseyouarenervousordonotwanttobenoticed.Cowenmovesslowlyonthebeach,lookingforseaglass,goingupanddowninthewavesoftheseaastheymoveandfallontothebeach.2...I’veburntmyshoulders...(para1)Shehasbeenwalkingonthebeachforhoursinthesun,sohershouldersareredandsorefromtoomuchsun(sunburnt).3Thereisnohardandfastrule...(para3)Thereisnofixedrule.Theprocesscanchange.4...butsheworksmostlytocommission...(para5)Peopleaskhertoproducespecificwork(piecesofseaglassjewelry),forwhichtheywillpay.Sheiscommissionedtodothis.5...ahugeglasscabinetthatpresideoverherstudio.(para5)Topresideoversomethingmeanstobeinapositionofpowerwhileimportanteventsorchangesaretakingplace.Here,thisisametaphortoshowthecentralpositionofthecabinetinthestudio.6Thecreationofseaglassisaformofrecycling,butmorethanthat,itisanexampleofnaturecompensatingforman’sfolly.(para8)Peoplewerefoolish–theybehaveinastupidandcarelesswaytothrowglassrubbishintothesea.Butnaturehascompensatedforthisbyslowlymakingtheglassintobeautifulpieces.7Althoughnooneconsideredtheconsequencesofhurlingglassintothesea…(para10)Tohurlmeanstothrowsomethingusingalotofforce;tochuckmeanstothrowsomething,butnotnecessarilywithforce(tochucksomethingawayortochucksomethingoutusuallyreferstothroughawayunwantedobjectsorrubbish);todumpmeanstogetridofsomethingorplaceitsomewherecarelessly,notnecessarilythrowingit–butdumpingrubbishcanbethesameasthrowingitaway,probablyinthewrongplace.8Today’sresponsibleattitudetoitsdisposal,revolvingaroundrecyclingwherepossible,isvastlysuperior,butitsignalstheendofthesea-glassera.(para10)Today,peoplehaveamoreresponsibleattitudetowastedisposalandglassisusuallyrecycled–thisisverymuchbetterthanthrowingglassintothesea.However,thisresponsibleattitudesendsamessagethattherewillbenoseaglassinthefuture.9Itseco-credentialslendseaglassfurtherappeal…(para12)Itseco-credentialsreferstotheecologicalbackgroundoftheseaglass.Thatbecauseseaglasswasthrownawayasrubbish,butitisnowbeingrecycledasjewelleryitisqualifiedtohaveagoodenvironmentalreputation.10Gold’smurkyreputationfordamagingtheenvironmentintheextractionprocessandthediamondindustry’spoorhumanrightsrecordplayintothehandsofdesignerswhohavechosentoworkwithamaterialthatputsawasteproducttouse.(para12)Gettinggoldfromtheearthandseparatingitfromothermetalsoftendamagestheenvironment.Anditalsoinvolvesdishonestactivities,sogoldextractionhasa“murky’reputation”.Thediamondindustryalsohasapoorreputationbecausemanyworkersaretreatedverybadly.Whatpeoplebelieveabouttheseprocessesareexactlywhatdesignersofseaglassjewellerywanttoavoid,sothattheygainanadvantageinthejewellerymarketbecausetheyrecyclematerials.Readingandunderstanding2Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhathappenswhenGinaCowengoeslookingforglassonabeach?(a)Shegetsbittenbycrabs.(b)Shegetsburnt.(Yes,shesayssheburnshershoulders.)(c)Shealwaysfindsabetterpiecethanthelasttime.(d)Shefindstimepassesslowly.(No,“sheloseshersenseoftime”meansthattimepassesveryquicklysosheisnotconsciousofhowitpasses.)2Whyisredglassspecialcomparedtoothertypesofglass?(a)It’ssmoother.(No,seaglassofanycolourcanbesmoothovertheyears.)(b)It’sprobablyolder.(Yes,Cowensaysthereisastrongchancethatitcouldbecenturiesold.)(c)It’smorebeautiful.(d)It’shardertofind.3WhatdoesCowendowithmostofthejewelleryshemakes?(a)Shesellsittoprivatecustomers.(Yes,thepassagesays“sheworksmostlytocommission”.)(b)Sheexhibitsitingalleries.(c)Shekeepsitinherroom.(d)ShesellsitinaLondonshop.(Well,someofherdesignsweresoldinLondonLiberty,butshesellsmostofherdesignsprivately.)4WhendidCowengetinterestedinseaglass?(a)Whenshewroteanarticleaboutitforanewspaper.(b)Whenshesawacollectioninaglasscabinet.(c)WhilewalkingalongabeachinSouthAfrica.(Yes,shefoundsomeglassthereandstartedacollection.)(d)WhenshefoundoutabouttheVictorianglassindustry.(No,shefoundoutaboutthislaterinBritain.)5Wheredoesthebestseaglasscomefrom?(a)SouthAfrica.(b)LibertyinLondon.(c)FijiandMajorca.(Cowenhasgoodseaglassfromtheseislands,butitseemsthatthebestisfromBritishbeaches.)(d)BeachesinEngland.(Yes,SeahamBeachinBritainisher“favouritehuntingground”andherVictoriansea-glasscollectionfromBritishbeachesis“moststunning”,sotheimplicationisthat,forCowen,Britishbeachesarewherethebestseaglasscomesfrom.)6Whywillseaglassbecomerarerthandiamonds?(a)Peoplewillstopmakingglass.(b)Itwilleventuallybetransformedintosand.(c)Moreandmoreglassisbeingrecycled.(Yes,thismeansthatoldglassismadeintonewglassinsteadofbeingdumpedinthesea.Asaresult,seaglasswillbecomerare.)(d)Peoplewillbepreparedtopayalotofmoneyforit.7Whatdida15-year-oldgirlmanagetodo?(a)ShesoldhercollectionofseaglassoneBay.(b)Shesoldphotographsofhercollectionofseaglass.(No,shetookphotosinordertoillustratethecollectiontohelptoselltheseaglass–shedidn’tsellthephotos.)(c)ShesoldCowensomeseaglassformorethanitwasworth.(Yes,thegirlsolditoneBayandCowensaysshepaidtoomuchforit.)(d)Shecollectedalotofseaglassonaschooltrip.8Whyisseaglassmoreecologicalthandiamondsandgold?(a)Gettingitdoesn’tdamagetheenvironment.(Yes,thepassagereferstoseriousecologicalproblemswithextractinggoldandminingdiamonds,whereasbecauseseaglassiswastematerialcollectingandusingitisactuallyclearingupthebeachenvironment.)(b)Itcanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes.(c)Itisanaturallyoccurringproduct.(No,seaglassdoesnotoccurnaturally.itisglassthathasbeendumpedintotheseabypeopleasrubbish.)(d)Itcanberecycledmoreeasily.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tobecomeortomakesomethingbecomeactive,successful,orpopularagain(revive)2veryimpressiveorbeautiful(stunning)3tohangsomethingfromsomethingelse(suspend)4aformalagreementtogetmarried(engagement)5thewaythatthelevelofthesearegularlyrisesandfallsduringtheday(tide)6tobeinchargeofsomethingortobeinapositionofpower(preside)7theprocessofgettingridofsomething(disposal)8verybright(luminous)4CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.1TocelebrateourengagementwehaddinnerinthebestrestaurantinParis.2Thelampwassuspendedfromanironhookinthemiddleoftheceiling.3Someoneneedstothinkaboutthedisposalofallthesewasteproducts.4I’vebeenaskedtopresideatnextweek’smeetingoftherecyclingcommittee.5Theluminousobjectonthetableturnedouttobemadeofdiamond.6Icouldspendhourshere,justwatchingtheseagullsflyingpastandthetidescominginandgoingout.7Whenshewalkedintotherestaurantshewaswearinganabsolutelystunningdiamondnecklace.8ThePresidentislikelytoproposeastimulusplanthathebelieveswillhelprevivetheUSeconomy.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.1Ihadaperiodoftimeasavolunteerbeforegettingajobinthejewellerytrade.(stint)2Youshouldn’tjustthrowthatrubbishintotheriver!(chuck)3It’ssheerstupidandcarelessbehaviourtogoonusinguptheearth’sresourcesaswearedoing.(negligence)4Ilookedcarefullyatthehorizon,butcouldn’tseeanyonecomingtowardsme.(scoured)5Ithinktheaccidentwasduetothedriver’slackofcare.(folly)6Theremovalofmineralsfromtheearthisusuallyanexpensiveanddangeroustask.(extraction)7Theredkiteisoneofthemostrarelyseenbirdsinthecountry.(elusive)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomeonesidlesuptoyou,aretheymoving(a)quicklyanddeterminedly,or(b)slowlyandcasually?2Isahardandfastrule(a)fixed,or(b)opentointerpretation?3Ifsomeonehasgoodeco-credentials,dothey(a)carefortheenvironment,or(b)shownointerestinit?4Ifsomethinghasamurkyreputation,isit(a)possiblydishonestormorallywrong,or(b)preciousandhighlyrespected?5Ifyouplayintothehandsofsomeone,doyou(a)approveofit,or(b)givethemanadvantage?6Ifyoucondonesomeone’sbehaviour,doyou(a)approveofit,or(b)disapproveofit?7Ifyoupounceontosomething,doyoumakea(a)quickmovementtogetholdofit,or(b)slowmovementtogetholdofit?Readingandinterpreting7Check(\uf0b8)thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage.Topaintaportraitofawomanwithunusualpassion.(ThewriterdoeshavethispurposetoshowCowen’sstronginterest.)Todescribetheprocessofmakingjewelleryfromseaglass.(Thisisonepurposealthoughtherearenotmanydetailsaboutthis.)Tomakepeoplethinkabouttheimportanceofrecycling.(Yes,thisisastrongpointinthepassage.)√Amixtureofallthree.(Yes,thewriterseemstohavealltheabovethreepurposeshere.)8Findthequotationsinthepassagewhichillustratetheideas:1whyseaglassisspecial“Ithastheabilitytotransformmagicallyfromsomethingordinarytoluminoustreasureafterastintinthesea.”2whycolourisimportant“Thecolourgivesyouahintofage.”3howathoughtlessactcanhaveahappyending“Thecreationofseaglassisaformofrecycling,butmorethanthat,itisanexampleofnaturecompensatingforman’sfolly.”4whatwillhappentoseaglass“Seaglasswilleventuallyrunour–oneday,itwillberarerthandiamonds.”5themysteriousappealofseaglass“Youcanimaginewhatobjectitmighthavebeen,whereittraveledandhowolditis.”6howalmostanythingcanbemadeintojewellery“Peoplewillfindcreativewaysofworkingwithwhateverisavailable.”Languageinusewordformation:-y1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1ajacketwithaflowerdesign(flowery)2alabelthatsticksontosomething(sticky)3asuitwhichhasratherahighprice(pricy)4hairwhichshines(shiny)5someonewhomakesalotoffuss(fussy)6apersonalitywhichmakesyouthinkofsun(sunny)wordformation:over–2Replacetheunderlinedwordswithverbsbeginningwithover-.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Ithinkyouhavemadetoobiganestimateforthecostofthewedding.(overestimated)2Theychargedmetoomuchmoneyforthatring!(overcharged)3IslepttoomuchlastnightandmissedtheflighttoLondon.(overslept)4Theflowersinhergardenhadgrowneverywhere.(overgrown)5It’sdifficulttoemphasizetoogreatlytheimportanceofthefashionindustry.(overemphasize)6I’vegotindigestion.I’veeatentoomuch.(overeaten)see3Rewritethesentencesusingsee.1In1987therewasamajorstockmarketcrash.1987sawamajorstockmarketcrash.2Theearly1980swasaperiodofsteadyeconomicgrowth.Theearly1980ssawaperiodofsteadyeconomicgrowth.3Longhairmadeabriefreturninthe1990s.The1990ssawabriefreturntolonghair.4Onthefirstdayofthesalestherewerehundredsofpeoplequeuinginthestreets.Thefirstdayofthesalessawhundredsofpeoplequeuinginthestreets.5Therewasgreattechnologicalchangeduringourgrandparents’generation.Ourgrandparents’generationsawagreattechnologicalchange.turnouttobe4Rewritethesentencesusingturnouttobe.1Ithoughttheringwasmadeofgold,butintheenditprovedtobesilver.Ithoughttheringwasmadeofgold,butitturnedouttobesilver.2Shelookedlikemycousin,butshewasactuallyacompletestranger.Shelookedlikemycousin,butsheturnedouttobeacompletestranger.3Thehouseneededalotofworkdoingonit,butitprovedtobeagoodinvestment.Thehouseneededalotofworkdoingonit,butitturnedouttobeagoodinvestment.4Isawsmokerisingfromthebuilding,butitwasafalsealarm.Isawsmokerisingfromthebuilding,butitturnedouttobeafalsealarm.5Ididn’twanttomovetoEngland,butintheenditprovedtobeawisedecision.Ididn’twanttomovetoEngland,butitturnedouttobeawisedecision.collocations5Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1hintAhintcanbesomethingyousaytoshowyourfeelingswithoutsayingdirectlywhattheyare,asmallamountofsomething,orapieceofadvice.(a)Ifsomeonehasahintofasmileontheirface,whatdoyousee?Youseejustasmallsignofasmilebutnotapropersmile.(b)Whathelpfulhintswouldyougivesomeonestartingtheirownbusiness?I’dsuggestthattheyneedtohaveaclearfocusonwhatthebusinessisaboutandexactlyhowitwillwork,egthepersonshouldidentifyanicheinthemarketthatthenewbusinesscanfill.(c)Ifyoudropahintaboutwhatyouwouldlikeforyourbirthday,doyouaskforitdirectly?No,ofcoursenot!Youjustfindawaytojoininwithanormalconversationandsaysomethingaboutwhatyouwouldlike.2rangeThiswordcanmeananumberofthingsofthesamegeneraltype,thedistanceorlimitsofsomething,ortomovefreely.(a)Whatcanyoufindinashopwhichstocksawiderangeofproducts?Youcanfindproductsofallkinds,agoodvarietyofthem.(b)Whatwouldbethebestthingtodoifyouwerewithinrangeofsomeonewithagun?Runquicklyawayoutofrangeifthereistime;ifnot,takeshelter.(c)WhichisthebiggestmountainrangeinChina?Well,theHimalayasarethehighest,buttheTianShanorKunlunmountainrangesarelonger.(d)Whathavehenswhichlayfree-rangeeggsbeenabletodo?Theyhavebeenabletorunandwalkaroundfreely,comparedtohenswhicharekeptinsmallcagesorcontainers.3reflectThiswordcanmeantobeasignofasituation,ortothinkcarefullyaboutsomething.(a)Whoseimageisreflectedifyoulookinamirror?Yourownimageisreflectedbacktoyouwhenyoulookinamirror.(b)Doyoubelievethatthestateoftheeconomycanbereflectedintheheightofhemlines?Iwouldn’thavebelieveditbeforeIreadthepassage,butIbelieveitnow!(c)DoyoueverreflectonthemistakesyoumakeinEnglish?Yes,IdotrytoreflectonthembecauseIknowsuchreflectionisagoodwaytoimprovemyEnglish.4riseThiswordcanmeananincreaseinnumber,amountorvalue,ortheachievementofsuccessorpower.(a)WhywasthereasharpriseinunemploymentintheWestinthe1930s?Thesharpriseinunemploymentwasduetothestockmarketcrashandthefinancialcrisis.(b)WhatdoyouknowabouttheriseandfalloftheRomanEmpire?IknowthatoverseveralhundredyearstheRomanEmpireexpanded,butafteratimeitthendeclinedoveralongperiod.There’safamousbookcalledTheRiseandFalloftheRomanEmpire.(c)Doyouliveinahigh-riseblockofflats?IknowthatalotofpeopleincitiesinChinadoliveinlargeapartmentblockswhichhavemanyfloors,maybe15or20ormore,butIliveinaflatinamuchsmallerhouseofjustthreefloors.(d)Whatarethedifferentfactorswhichgiverisetonewfashions?Fashiondesignersproduceinnovationsandnewstyles.Therearechangesintheeconomicsituationsothatpeoplemayspendmoreorlessonclothes;alsonewmaterialsandcoloursbecomeavailable,andpeoplegetdifferentideasaboutwhattowearwhentheytraveltootherplacesorwatchfilmsandTV.6TranslatetheparagraphintoChinese.Sometimesthehemlineindicator,asit’scalled,canevenprecedeandpredictachangeinthemoodofthestockmarketlongbeforeitactuallyhappens.InSeptember2007,attheNewYorkfashionshows,whichweredisplayingtheirstylesforspring2008,thetrendwasformuchlongerdressesandskirts,manytomid-calforevendowntotheankles.Somepeoplefeltthisshowedthatthehemlineindicatorwasnolongerreliable,andthatdesignersnolongerdictatedwhatpeoplewouldwear.DuringtheLondonandNewYorkfashionshowsinSeptember2008,hemlinescontinuedtodrop.Butsureenough,inthefallof2008,thestockmarketindexesfelldramaticallywhenthebankingcrisishittheUS,Europeandthentherestoftheworld.Hemlineswerenolongerfollowingthestockmarket–theywereshowingthewayandindicatingfutureeconomictrends.有时候，所谓的裙摆指标甚至能事先早早就预告股市的变化。2007年9月，纽约时装展展示了2008年春季流行风格，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，许多裙摆降至小腿中线，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得，这表明裙摆指标靠不住了，或者服装设计师不再左右着装的趋势了。在2008年9月的伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆继续下降。果然，2008年秋天金融危机袭击美欧，波及全球，股指急跌。此时，裙摆不再被动追随股市升跌，而是引领潮流，预示未来的经济趋势了。（☞第一句原文复杂，但译成中文较简单。最后一句译文加词，加上“被动”可起强调作用，让本句的意思更明确。）7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.一个人的穿着似乎能影响他的行为方式。譬如，在校内要穿校服是中小学生所必须严格遵守的规矩之一。倘若在学生着装整齐划一和行为的统一规范之间不存在一种象征性关联的话，校服便不可能如此盛行。然而，多年的学校生活让学生在内心里对随处可见的校服产生了抵触情绪，校服毕竟压制了个性的表达。为了弥补这种损失，学生常常会在周末穿流行的休闲装。直到上了大学，他们才会享受真正的着装自由，而服装上的无序与大学培养创造力、鼓励自由表达思想及展露才华密切相关。可惜这样的好景不会太长，经过一段相对短暂的自由之后，他们在毕业工作之后将再次经历着装规范的压力。(hardandfast;thereisnodoubtthat;currency;correlation;backlash;ubiquitous;compensatefor;anarchy;obtain;revive)TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)时装潮流50年1960至2010年间的时装史存在着两个不可忽略或不可低估的不变因素：一是无处不在的牛仔裤，二是女装裙摆的升降。牛仔裤是用粗斜纹布做的，早在16世纪末法国就有了这种布料。直到19世纪中叶，李维·施特劳斯发现在加州淘金热中劳动的矿工很需要用这种耐用布料做成的牛仔裤，他还用铆钉来加固裤子。直到1950年代，蓝色粗斜纹布做的牛仔裤一直只是流行的工装，但是后来牛仔裤变成了青春、新思想、反叛及个性的标志。1950年代末，李维·施特劳斯公司开始向欧亚出口蓝色牛仔裤。年轻人趋之若鹜，视其为美国活力四射的、随意的生活方式的象征。裙摆在这一时期有着特殊的意义。人们时常会注意到，女人的裙摆和经济之间存在一种颇为精确的关联性，且鲜有例外。股市升时裙摆也跟着上升；股市跌时裙摆就跟着下降。在经济繁荣和萧条时期女性到底为什么要多暴露或少暴露双腿至今仍然是个迷。但总的趋势是必定是这样的：每当经济前景不明朗时，男人和女人都倾向于穿比较保守的衣服。1960年代时装史上一个最重要的发展就是英国时装设计师玛丽·匡特发明的超短裙。由于匡特在“摇摆伦敦”的中心地带工作，超短裙很快就风行全球。当法国杰出的时装设计师库雷热把超短裙变成一件高级时装时，超短裙得到了人们更多的尊敬。但是，如果只有长筒袜而没有发明裤袜的话，超短裙是不可能在全球流行的，因为裙摆的上升会让人看见长筒袜的袜口。60年代中、70年代初的嬉皮士运动影响了牛仔裤的设计，牛仔裤的裤腿发展成了扩张的“喇叭形”。到了70年代中期，随着经济的恶化，裙摆降低到了小腿中部和脚踝部，而牛仔裤则不再是清一色的蓝色了。牛仔裤在朋克时期依然很时髦，裤腿通常有撕裂的口子，并配有铁链及打着装饰钉的皮带。这种样式的牛仔裤延续了几年，但流行的范围越来越小，仅限于内城区的少数年轻人群体，对其他年龄段的群体影响不大。作为对朋克无政府主义的一种抗拒，新浪漫派是一个主要出现在英国夜总会的时装潮流。这种时装大胆创新、魅力十足：衬衫以皱褶和奢侈为特征，牛仔裤是绝对不可以接受的。80年代中期兴起了几种风格各异的服装。“权威装”以雅致的套装为特色，带肩垫的上衣配及膝短裙，受到新近得势的女士的欢迎。毫不奇怪，当经济不稳定的时候，人们不想在穿着上太冒险。男士则流行以电视剧“迈阿密风云”命名的“迈阿密风云”式样的时装，名牌短外套配时髦的T恤，留着有型的短胡子——长三、四天的样子。和往常一样，粗斜纹布仍然受到年轻人的欢迎。尤其是重金属音乐迷，爱穿漂白的、撕开裂口的牛仔裤及牛仔衫。在1987年全球股市崩盘之前，裙摆也开始逐渐地上升起来。美国在80年代末兴起了一种较为保守的风格，称为“学院风”。男士穿拉尔夫·劳伦和布鲁克斯兄弟品牌的经典服装，衣领带纽扣的衬衫、斜纹棉布裤、平底便鞋，脖子上随意系着一件毛衣。他们也穿牛仔裤，但是必须是新的，或者是干净、熨平的牛仔裤，完全不是李维·施特劳斯最初所设想的那种牛仔裤。90年代随着世界经济的再次复苏，年轻人的时装也变得更加大胆起来了。靴子、匡威或耐克运动鞋都很流行，但是流行颜色变成了橄榄绿和米灰色。头发要么留得很长，要么是染成蓝色、绿色或红色的短刺头。帽衫、棒球帽及松垮型牛仔裤在街上随处可见。松垮型牛仔裤往往穿得很低，松松垮__垮地挂在臀部上。2000年1月纽约的科技股市崩盘。和往常一样，裙摆也下降了，正如一位评论家所说的，“循规蹈矩、一本正经的式样开始流行了，裙摆必须过膝。”但仅仅过了一年，股市开始复苏，超短迷你裙又回来了，裙摆比多年以来的都要高。这段时间，除非在工作时，人们通常不穿正式的服装。名牌牛仔裤享有很高的知名度，用传统的粗斜纹布制作，可能还加了点莱卡。由著名服装品牌，如阿玛尼、胡戈·伯斯士及莫斯奇诺剪裁、销售。这些品牌公司以前都只做最优雅的时装。紧身牛仔裤在英国及欧洲大部分地区很流行。裙子的长度不太确定，范围从超短到“理性”——即及膝或刚刚过膝。有时候，所谓的裙摆标志甚至能够在事情发生之前早早地预告股票牛市和熊市的更替。2007年9月的纽约时装展展示了2008年春季流行式样，潮流转向了长衣、长裙，裙摆降至小腿中线，甚至到了脚踝。有人觉得这表明裙摆标志靠不住了，要不就是服装设计师已经丧失了对时装的主宰权。2008年9月，在伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆继续下降。果然，2008年秋天金融危机袭击美欧，波及全球，股指急剧下跌。这时，裙摆不再被动地追随股市升跌，而是引领潮流，预示未来的经济趋势了。在整个这段时期内，时装的风格多种多样，它们的诞生往往起因于人们希望归属于某种亚文化、与之认同的愿望。但是，这个时期不变因素是粗斜纹布和裙摆。影响力最大的当属19世纪加利福尼亚州的一个服装制造商以及1960年代工作在“摇摆伦敦”的一位年轻的时装设计师。Activereading(2)生态珠宝：海洋玻璃虽然海洋玻璃正在逐渐消失，珠宝设计师吉娜·考恩仍在搜寻这种难觅的珍宝。珠宝设计师吉娜·考恩说，在海滩上搜寻海洋玻璃时，她看起来像人形螃蟹：她低头弯腰，侧着身子随着白色浪花的起伏，完全忘记了时间的流逝。在牛津的她的工作室里，她边吃午饭，边告诉我：“我每次都希望能找到比上次更好的海洋玻璃。几小时后，我会抬起头来，这时才发现偌大的海滩已经空无一人，我的肩膀被晒伤了。”见过被海水打磨过的玻璃的人都明白，这种玻璃在海里呆上一段时间之后就能奇迹般地由一块普通玻璃变成一颗耀眼的珍宝。把它们拿在手里，你会发现它们每一快都折射出不同的光泽，散发出独特的光彩。没有什么硬性的的规定说明玻璃碎块要在海水中放多长时间才能被正式称为海洋玻璃，但可以肯定的是，年代越久远，玻璃就越光滑、越奇特。50岁的考恩解释说：“完美的海洋玻璃没有棱角。它们的棱角经海水多年的拍打已经磨平了，它们也从大块玻璃变成了小巧精美的宝石。玻璃的颜色也能道出它们的年龄，如果你发现红色或琥珀色的海洋玻璃，你找到的可能就是几百年前的玻璃——我们已经不再生产这种玻璃了。”要制造玻璃珠宝，考恩得先把她找到的海洋玻璃放在磨石滚筒里抛光，除掉玻璃表面的霜花。她把其中一些抛光的玻璃镶在银器上，剩下的或串成珠链，或用金刚钻打眼后用细丝串在一起。90年代末，她设计的产品在伦敦的利博提百货店出售。如今，你可能在美术馆里看到她的作品，但是她主要做订单产品，她设计的产品从脚链到订婚戒指无所不包。在立志成为珠宝商之前，考恩从20岁到40岁都从事新闻报道及音乐管理工作。她在祖国南非开普敦的砂砾海滩散步时偶然发现几颗海洋玻璃，并注意到它们在海水的塑造下呈现各种不同的形状。她从此开始收集海洋玻璃，把它们存放在一个大玻璃柜里，放在工作室显眼的位置。尽管她的收藏包括来自遥远的斐济和马略卡岛的珍品，但最令人惊叹的是她在英国沙滩上找到的维多利亚时期的海洋__玻璃藏品。她最喜欢的寻宝地——也是许多收藏者的寻宝地——是英国达勒姆县的锡厄姆海滩。那儿是维多利亚玻璃厂的所在地，该厂于1921年关闭。有成千上万公吨的玻璃撒落到海上，并在过去的一个世纪里被海浪打磨抛光，为考恩提供了大量的原材料。海洋玻璃的产生是废物再生的一种形式，不仅如此，它也是大自然补救人类愚蠢行为的一个例子。考恩说，“人的过失行为被转变成积极的东西，这真是太好了。”虽然在19世纪没有人思考过向大海倾倒玻璃的后果，但这件事最后演变成了一个完美的过程：玻璃最终破碎了，变成了沙子。如今，对玻璃废料的负责任的态度是尽量重新利用废旧玻璃，这确实有很大的好处，但却宣告了海洋玻璃时代的终结。考恩说，“这是一个机遇：海洋玻璃资源最终会枯竭，将来有一天，它们会比钻石还珍贵。”供货的减少加上需求的增加使海洋玻璃生意非常兴隆。以前人们曾经免费向珠宝商提供自己的收藏，现在它们在EBay上能卖到成百上千英镑。就连年轻的收藏者也深知它们潜在的价值。最近一位15岁的女孩把她的收藏卖给考恩，想挣点钱参加学校组织的旅游。考恩说：“我付给她的钱比它的实际价值高多了，她把它拍得很漂亮。”当人们开始对珠宝的来源提出质疑时，海洋玻璃的生态优点让它们更具吸引力。黄金的提炼会给环境带来损害，它的坏名声以及钻石业的糟糕人权记录给选择变废为宝的珠宝设计者带来了极大的优势。海洋玻璃的减少似乎让人觉得应该恢复（往海里）倾倒玻璃的旧习，但考恩绝不宽恕这样的做法。“有人跟我说‘为什么不往海里倒玻璃以保证未来原材料的供应，或打磨新玻璃让它看上去像旧玻璃？’这可不是我干的事。这样做会失去神秘感。我喜欢的是。每块海洋玻璃的背后都有一个故事，你可以想象它曾经的样子，它走过的地方以及它的年龄。每个人都会在同一块玻璃上看到不同的故事。”50年后，塑料可能是被海浪冲上岸的唯一的东西了，但考恩坚信艺术家会想办法给它们派上用场。她说，“已经有珠宝商开始使用熔化塑料了，人们会找到富有创造性的方法来利用一切现有的资源。”同时，孩子们会继续抓取海洋战利品，不管它们是否有价值。毕竟它们都是免费的珍宝，就算在傍晚时分你把它放回到海滩上，任海浪把它冲走，也值得去搜寻。所以，下一次如果你想知道如何充分利用英国沙滩的话，你可以照着考恩的样子做：站在海滩上，摆出螃蟹的姿势，去搜寻那些闪闪发光的鹅卵石，别让它们从你的眼前溜走。Unit4Activereading(1)TheCreditCardTrapCulturepointsAcharityshopisashopthatsellsclothes,booksandothergoodsgivenbypeopleinordertoraisemoneyforacharity(anorganizationthatexiststohelppeopleinneed).Creditratingreferstoinformationaboutsomeonethatabankorshopusesfordecidingwhethertolendthemmoneyorgivethemcredit.Withahighercreditrating,youcanborrowmoremoneyorhaveahigherlimitonacashcardetc.Languagepoints1Mycreditcardwasafairlypathetic,status-freedarkblue,whereasherswasaveryexclusivegoldone.(Para1)Mycreditcardwasquiteuselessinanannoyingway.Itwasdarkblueandordinary,itdidnothaveanyparticularstatus.Herswasgoldanditwaslimitedtoaparticulargroup.Sothewriterfeltinferiorandwantedagoldcreditcardtoo.2Now,Ihadajobwhichwasassteadyasanyjobwasinthosedays–that’stosay,notvery,butyouknow,nocomplaints.(Para3)Inthosedaysasteadyjob(ajobinwhichyouwouldbeemployedsteadily,foralongtime)wasoftennotverysteadybecauseinthebadeconomicsituationmanypeoplewouldlosetheirjobs–nojobwassteady,includingthewriter’s–butatleastshehadajob.So,shedidnotreallyhaveanycomplaints.3Theytargetpeoplewhoarepronetoimpulse-buying,andpotentiallybadcreditrisks,temptedtospendmorethantheyhave,andliabletofallbehindwithrepayments.(Para7)Thecreditcardcompaniesorbanksdirecttheiradvertisingandsalespromotionsatpeoplewhoareverylikelytobuythingsonimpulse(withoutplanning),whoarepossiblybadcreditrisks(ietheymaynotbeabletopaytheirdebts),whospendmoremoneythantheyhave,andwhowillnotmakerepaymentsontime.4Herbank!Itrustedthem!TheyknowevenbetterthanIdohowbrokesheis.(Para12)Thewriterwasverysurprisedthatherbank–whichshehadtrustedasagoodbank–wasofferingherdaughteracreditcard,becausesheknewthatherdaughterhadnomoneyatallandthebankknewthisevenbetterthanshedid.5…andit’sprobablethatshe’llhaveanothergoatuniversitywhenshehaspaidoffherdebts.(Para22)Becauseofherdebts,Kellycouldn’tgetastudentloan,soforfinancialreasonsshedroppedoutofuniversityandgotajobinasupermarket.Whenshehaspaidoffherdebts,shemaywellgobacktouniversityandtryagaintofinishherdegree.6You’vegotthewholeworldintothisridiculouscreditcardtrap…(Para26)Thisispartofthewriter’shumorousadviceaboutwhatweshouldsaytothebanks:Youhavegoteverybodyintothissillyandunreasonablecreditcardtrap–youhavecaughtusinthisbadsituationthatisdifficulttoescapefrom.Readingandunderstanding3Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Whydidthewriterfeelashamedwhenshemetanoldfriendinatheatrequeue?(a)Shefoundshedidn’thaveenoughmoneytopayforthetickets.(b)Sherealizedthatherfriendhadbeenmoresuccessfulinlife.(c)Shethoughtherfriend’screditcardlookedbetterthanherown.(d)Shefeltherfriendlookedbetterthanshedid.2Whathappenedwhensheappliedforagoldcreditcard?(a)Shedidn’tgetone.(b)Itcosthermorethansheexpected.(c)Shewassentoneofadifferentcolour.(d)Shefeltbetter.3Whichsortofcustomersdocreditcardcompanieswant?(a)Peoplewhoalreadyhavealotofmoney.(b)Studentswhomighthavealotofmoneyoneday.(c)Peoplewhoarelikelytospendmoremoneythantheyhave.(d)Peoplewhowillneverbeabletopaytheinterestonrepayments.4Whatdidthewriter’sdaughterwanthertodo?(a)Tolendher£3,000.(b)Toletherusethewriter’screditcard.(c)Tosupportherapplicationforacreditcard.(d)Toincreasetheamountofmoneythewriterwasgivingherregularly.5Whycouldn’tKellyaccessthemoneyinheraccount?(a)Shedidn’thaveanInternetconnection.(b)Thebankwouldn’tletheroperatetheaccountfromabroad.(c)Shedidn’thaveanymoneyleftintheaccount.(d)Shehadacommunicationprobleminaforeignbank.6WhathappenedtoKellyintheend?(a)Shecouldn’taffordtocontinuehereducation.(b)Shestayedoverseasandgotajobinasupermarket.(c)Shehadtotakeabiggerstudentloantopayoffherdebts.(d)Shewashelpedfinanciallybyherfamily.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1theactionorprocessofbuyingorsellingsomething(transaction)2tosomedegree,butnotcompletelyorextremely(fairly)3awrittenorspokenstatementinwhichsomeonesaysthattheyarenotsatisfiedwithsomething(complaint)4toinformsomeoneofficiallyaboutsomething(notify)5happyandsatisfiedwithyourlife(contented)6informationthatmakespeoplenoticeaperson,productetc(publicity)7tofailtodosomethingthatwouldhavebeenhelpfulorhonest(omit)8veryexpensive,andthereforeavailableonlytopeoplewhohavealotofmoney(exclusive)9difficultorimpossibletoexistordosomethingwithout(indispensable)10totricksomeonebybehavinginadishonestway(deceive)5CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.Ifyou’regoingtostudyintheUK,abankaccountis(1)indispensible.That’sbecausefor(2)transactionsinvolvinglargesumsofmoneyyouneedtopaybybanktransfer,orbycheque.It’s(3)fairlyobviousyoucan’tcarrylargeamountsofcasharoundwithyouallthetime.Soyouneedtochooseabank.Andthat’snoteasy,becausethesedaysyouhearmore(4)complaintsthanappreciationoftheservicestheyprovide.Theyallspendalotofmoneyon(5)publicitytryingtoattractstudents,whomtheyseeasaninvestmentfortheirownfuture.Someofthemoffer(6)exclusivefreegiftslikedesignerT-shirtsorstylishpenstosecureyourcustom.Butdon’tbe(7)deceivedbytheseoffers.A(8)contentedcustomerissomeonewhoknowstheycanrelyontheirbankto(9)notifythemwhenconditionschange,andnotto(10)omittotellthemwheninterestratesonoverdraftsorcreditcardrepaymentshavebeenincreased.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.1Mycarisveryinexpensivetorun–itusesLPGinsteadofpetrol.(economical)2WhenIsawBrianinhisnewsportscarIfeltabitunhappythathehadsomethingwhichIdidn’thave.(jealous)3Ourrelationshipisnotseriousordeep;wejustsayhellotoeachotherwhenwemeet,andthat’sit.(superficial)4You’relikelytohavealotofrepaymentstomakeifyougoonspendinglikethat.(liable)5Ilikethiscoffee.Ithasaratherdifferentandeasy-to-recognizetaste.(distinctive)6Wehaveexchangedanumberoflettersaboutthebestwaytopaybackthedebt.(correspondence)7Theimportantthingistoexercisesomeself-controlwhenusingacreditcard.(restraint)8Itremindsmeofthatlovelystoryabouttheevilgiantwhoturnsouttobeafraidofhisownshadow.(delightful;wicked)7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifsomeonemakesapatheticexcuse,isit(a)agoodone,or(b)abadone?2Ifyouarepronetoheadaches,doyou(a)often,or(b)seldomgetthem?3Ifyouluresomeoneintodoingsomething,doyou(a)askthemdirectly,or(b)attractthem,perhapsbydeceivingthemaboutit?4Whenyouhugsomeone,doyou(a)putyourarmsaroundtheirneckandshoulders,or(b)turnyourbackatthem?5Ifyougointothered,haveyou(a)donesomethingembarrassing,or(b)spentmoremoneythanyouhaveonyourbankaccount?6Isanoverdraftanagreedsumofmoneywhichthebank(a)allowsyoutospendwhenyouhavenomoneyleftinyouraccount,or(b)givesyoutoopenanewaccount?7Ifadoctor’sfeeisexorbitant,aretheychargingyou(a)toomuch,or(b)toolittle?8Ifyougoonaspendingspree,doyoubuy(a)lotsofthings,or(b)onlyafewthings?9Ifyouyearnforsomething,doyoudesireit(a)strongly,or(b)sincerely?Readingandinterpreting8Workinpairs.Lookatthesentencesfromthepassageandanswerthequestions.1Ihaveaconfession.Hasthewriterdonesomethingseriouslywrong?No,butitmakesaninterestingandironicbeginning.Itisinterestingbecausetheauthorisabouttorevealapersonalstatement,whichdrawsthereaderintothepassage.Itisironicbecausetheconfessionisactuallyaboutsomethingsmallandquitetrivial.Nevertheless,thewriterusesthestoryofthisexperiencetoraiseseriousissuesaboutcreditcardsandbanks–sincethe2009worldcrisisinbankingweknowthatthisreallyisserious.2Howdidshedothis?Howcouldthisbe?IknewIearnedmorethanher,mycarwasnewer,andmyhousewassmarter.Howdidshegettoappearmoreflashthanme?Whateffectdoestheseriesofquestionshave?Thesearerhetoricalquestions.Theysharethewriter’sfeelingswithusandtheyhavetheeffectofemphasizinghowthewriterwassurprisedandpuzzledbythehigh-statusgoldcardofherfriend.3Shehasastudentloanof£3,000,likemostofherfriends,andasmallallowancefromherpoormother(ha!)fortransport,books,livingexpenses.Ha!isanasidewhichindicatesalaugh.Whatisthelaughfor?Thisseemstobeamockingorironiclaugh.Hermotherispoorbutstillhasmoneytogiveherdaughteranallowance.Ofcourse,thisisthewriterspeakingaboutherselfasamother.4Shehuggedme(neverusuallydoesthat)andthensaid,“Mum,Ineedtotalktoyou.”Whydoesthewriteraddthedetailinbrackets?Ittellsus–asanaside-thatthehugisunusual:Thisdrawsattentiontohowthedaughterisbeingunusuallynicetohermotherbecauseshewantstomakeaspecialrequest.Fromthemother’spointofview,suchahugisawarningthatthedaughterisgoingtoraiseaseriousmatter.5Herbank!Itrustedthem!TheyknowevenbetterthanIdohowbrokesheis.Whateffectdotheexclamationmarkshave?Theyemphasizethefeelingsofthewriter:Thebankseemstohavebetrayedthemother’strustaswellasexploitingthedaughter’sfinancialsituation.6Iwantyoutolayoutallofyourcreditcardsinaline,takealargepairofscissorsandcutthemintosmallpieces.Isthisarealisticinstruction?Whydoesthewriterconcludewiththisimage?No,itdoesn’tseemrealisticbutthisstrongimageofthegestureofdestroyingthecardsinthiswayisanactionofcustomerscuttingthemselvesofffromthebank,perhapsasakindofrevengeandasalessonforthebanks.Activereading(2)TheKeytoWeddedBliss?MoneymattersBackgroundinformationThisisanarticlefromTheNewYorkTimes,September10th,2008.ThewriterisTaraSiegelBarnard,whoisPersonalFinanceReporterforthenewspaper.Shewritesaboutthepersonalfinanceaspectsoftax,onlineshopping,retirement,mortgages,unemploymentandsimilarissues.PreviouslyshewasdeputymanagereditorforapersonalfinanceswebsiteandwasanewseditorandreporterforDowJones.Inthetitle,“weddedbliss”meansthecompletehappinessofamarriage(thehappinessafteraweddingormaritalbliss);“moneymatters”isdeliberatelyambiguoustoinclude“isimportant”(itmatters)andsomethingsthatarebeingdiscussedordealtwithandpossibly“substances”or“situations”.Thepassagequotesseveralexpertsinfinanceandmentionsthecompanyorinstitutionwheretheyworkandsometimesindicateswherethisislocated.FollowingAmericanconventions,thenamesofdifferentstateswithintheUSareabbreviated.ThusNJisNewJerseyandMdisMaryland,bothontheEastcoast,andTexisTexas.Astheseexamplesshow,theabbreviationsusuallyusethefirstlettersorboththefirstandlastletters.OtherexamplesareCAforCalifornia,PAforPennsylvania,VAforVirginia,NYforNewYork,MeforMaine,NMexforNewMexico,IllforIllinoisandWisforWisconsin.CulturepointsL.J.Altfest&companyisahighly-praisedcompanybasedinNewYorkwhichprovidesadvicetopeoplewhowanttomakeinvestments.OwingsMillsMdisasuburbofthecityofBaltimore,inMaryland,US.PivotPointAdvisorsisaninvestmentmanagementcompanythatgivesadviceaboutfinancialplanning,basedinBellaire,Texas.Theyareafee-onlycompany.Thatis,theydon’tacceptcommissionsontheinvestmentstheyrecommend.Cashcushionreferstomoneywhichyouhavesavedorsetasidetoprotectyouincaseofsomethingbadhappensoremergencies.Hedgefundsareprivatelyownedinvestmentcompanieswhichofferinvestmentpossibilitiesforverywealthyindividualsorprofessionalinvestors(eginsurancecompaniesorpensionfunds).Theirbusinessgenerallydependsontheskillsofoneortwoinvestmentmanagersratherthanonthegeneraleconomyormarketconditions.Peoplethoughttheycouldmakealotofmoneythroughhedgefunds,butin2008-2009manycollapsedbecauseofunwisedecisionsLanguagepoints1Infact,whenitcomestofinances,yourmarriageislikelytobeyourmostvaluableasset–oryourlargestliability.(Para2)Regardingmoney,yourmarriageiseitherthebestthingthatyouhaveorsomethingthatcausestheproblems.2Forcenturies,marriageswerearrangedaffairs,aligningfamiliesforeconomicorpoliticalpurposesorsimplypoolingtheresourcesofthosescrapingby.(Para3)Inthepastarrangedmarriageshelpedfamiliesinthisdifficultpositionbecausetheycouldshareresourcessothatthefamiliescouldworktogethermoreeffectively.3Somuchofwhatwewant–ordon’twant–outoflifeboilsdowntodollarsandcents…(Para4)Alotofwhatwewantfromourlife–orwhatwewanttoavoid-comesdowntothemainaspectorbasicfactorofmoney.4Havingasupportivepartnerhelpsyouprofessionally,whichshouldtrickledowntoyourmutualbottomline.(Para16)Havingapartnerwhosupportsyouhelpsyouprofessionally;thisshouldgraduallyaffectyourfamilyfinances.5Createacashcushion,andlivealifestyleyoucansustain.(Para17)Youshouldhaveenoughcashtoprotectyouagainstanypossibleeffectsofsomethingbadandhavealifestylethatyoucanmaintain.6Andwhenparingback,it’sessentialthateachpersonmakesacrifices.(Para21)Whenyouarereducingexpenditures,itisessentialthatbothpeoplemakesacrifices(notjustonepersonreducingorgivingthingsup,whiletheotheronegivesupnothing).7Thinkofitasdollar-costaveragingyourmarriage,whereyoumakesmallinvestmentsovertime.(Para23)Indollar-costaveraging,aninvestorputsinthesamesmallamount(indollars)atregularintervalswhetherthesharepriceishighorlow:Overtimethismeansyoupaylessandhaveabetterresultthansomeonewhoonlyinvestsatwhatseemstobethebesttimes.Theimplicationisthatpayingregularattentiontothings(inthiscasemoneymatters)bringsabetterresultwithlesseffortthanwaitinguntilyoureallyneedtoact(egwhenthereareproblemsoremergencies):actregularlynow,don’twaituntilretirement.Readingandunderstanding3Workinpairs.Check(¸)theadvicewhichisgiventocouples.1Marrysomeonewhoisn’tveryinterestedinmoney.Sinceallcoupleswillneedmoneyandwillneedtomakefinancialdecisions,youneedsomeinterestinmoneyyourselfandsowillyourpartner.Nottakinganyinterestisarecipefordebtordisaster.2Don’tspendtoomuchtimetalkingaboutmoney.Ifyouspendtoomuchtimetalkingaboutit,itislikelythatyouarenotthinkingefficientlyaboutit.Thereareothertopicstotalkabout!√3Agreeonsomecommongoalsinlife.√4Agreeonhowmuchmoneytosave.√5Runyourhomeasifitwereabusinesspartnership.6Makesurethesamepersonalwayslooksafterthefinances.Ifyoudothis,theotherpersonwillnotfeelinvolved,soimportantdecisionsorday-to-dayknowledgeofyourfinanceswillnotbelongtobothofyou.√7Getadvicefromamediatorifyoudisagreewithyourpartner.√8Keepsomefinancialindependence.9Don’tspendalotofmoneygoingouttogetherondates.It’sOKtohaveagoodtimebutdon’tspendextremeamountsofmoneyonit:Bemoderateandkeepyourlifeinbalance.4Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Intheopinionofthewriter,whatmakessomeoneluckyinmarriage?(a)Beingabletoseeandunderstandtheirpartner’ssoul.(b)Findingsomeonewhohasthesameideasaboutmoney.(c)Havingenoughmoneytobeabletosaveforthefuture.(d)Marryingsomeonewhoiswealthy.2Accordingtothewriter,whydomostpeopletodaygetmarried?(a)Becausetheyareinlove.(b)Becausetheyneedthestabilitythatmarriagecanprovide.(c)Becausemarriageisafinancialpartnership.(d)Becauseofpressurefromfamilies.3What,accordingtoSusanReachWinters,arethemajorcausesofdivorce?(a)Sexualproblems.(b)Problemswithchildren.(c)Financialproblems.(d)Allofthesethings.4Whatdoexpertsadvisecouplestodobeforetheygetmarried?(a)Toplanfortheirfinancialfuture.(b)Tothinkabouttheircareer.(c)Todiscusschildren.(d)Todiscusshealthcare.5WhatwasthekeytoJerryandSusanBallard’sfinancialplanning?(a)Theygraduallyincreasedtheamounttheysavedeveryyear.(b)Theyhadregularmeetingsabouthowtospendtheirmoney.(c)Theyinterruptedtheirsavingsonlytomakeimportantpurchases.(d)Theymadesuretheysavedregularlyeachyear.6HowdidMarcB.Schindlerhelpacoupleindifficulty?(a)Hepersuadedthewifetostopbuyingclothes.(b)Hepersuadedthehusbandtostopeatingout.(c)Hehelpedthemtosavemorethanamilliondollars.(d)Hemadethemseeeachother’spointofview.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords5Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1asystemofwords,numbersorsignsusedforsendingsecretmessages(code)2aseniormanagerinabusinessorotherorganization(executive)3ahusbandorwife(spouse)4richandsuccessful(prosperous)5amajorbenefit(asset)6feltordoneinthesamewaybyeachoftwoormorepeople(mutual)7likelytohaveagoodrelationshipbecauseofbeingsimilar,orabletoexisttogether(compatible)8havinganextremelycloserelationship(intimate)9tobeanexpertinaparticularpartofasubjectorprofession(specialize)10moneythatyouhavesavedinabankorinvestedsothatyoucanuseitlater(savings)6CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity5.1KenHuisnowanexecutiveinacompanywhichspecializesingivingadvicetoprivateinvestors.2Althoughtheprogrammewascompatiblewithmycomputer,theinstructionswerewrittenincode,soIwasunabletounderstandanything.3Itisobviouslyanassettoamarriageifeachspousehasasensibleattitudetowardsmoney.4Let’strytocreateamoreprosperousfuturebyplanningaheadandagreeingonmutualgoals.5Weareintimatefriends,butIdon’tknowhowmanysavingstheyhaveinthebank.7Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Ifsomethingisofcardinalimportance,(a)isitvital,or(b)canyouforgetaboutit?2Ifyouweatherabadperiod,doyou(a)surviveit,or(b)failtosurviveit?3Wouldyouexpectsomeonewhoissupportiveto(a)helpyou,or(b)leaveyouinamomentofcrisis?4Whenyouexperienceadownturninyourpersonalsituation,dothingsget(a)better,or(b)worse?5Isamediatorsomeonewho(a)triestoendaquarrelbetweentwopeoplebydiscussion,or(b)keepsthemapart?6Ifyouhavedivergentviewsaboutsomething,doyou(a)agree,or(b)disagreewitheachother?7Isbuddyaninformalwordfor(a)afriend,or(b)acolleague?8Whichisabetterwaytoenliventheevening:(a)togoouttothetheatre,or(b)togotobedearly?8Answerthequestionsaboutthephrases.1Ifyouscrapebyonyourpresentsalary,areyou(a)livingcomfortably,or(b)havingahardtime?2Ifadecisionaboutsomethingboilsdowntomoney,isthismoney(a)animportantfactorinthedecision,or(b)thelastthingtobeconsidered?3Ifyourideasareinsyncwithsomeoneelse’s,doyouthink(a)alike,or(b)differently?4Ifyoudoonethinginlieuofanother,doyoudoit(a)after,or(b)insteadoftheotherthing?5Isyourbottomline(a)thegreatestchangeyouarepreparedtoaccept,or(b)asituationyouarenotreallyinterestedin?6Willacashcushion(a)protectyou,or(b)letyoudownintimesoffinancialcrisis?7Ifafirmgoesbust,doesit(a)makealotofmoney,or(b)loseitall?8Ifyouparebackyourexpenses,doyou(a)increasethem,or(b)cutthem?Readingandinterpreting9Check(¸)thestatementwhichyouagreewithmost.TeachingtipsSsshouldgivetheirpersonalresponsesandideas.However,itisimportantforSstothinkofreasonsfortheiropinionssoTcouldasksomeSsfortheircomments(seeexamplesbelow).1Thepassageoverestimatestheimportanceofmoneyinamarriage.Reasonsforagreeingwiththisincludetheideathatloveandhavingcommonideasingeneralareenough,sowhileopinionsaboutfinancialmattersarepartofthis,theyareonlyasmallpart.Theideaoftreatingamarriagelikeabusinesspartnershipandrunningyourhomelikeabusinessmaysuitbusinesspeople,butmaybeinappropriateformanyothers,especiallypeoplewhodonotknowhowtorunabusiness.Asstudentswemighthavesomeideas,butwehavenoexperienceofeitherabusinessoramarriage,sothispointandthepointsaboutretirementseemfarawayandirrelevantandareexaggerated.2Thepassageoffersgoodadvicetocouplesabouttogetmarried.Reasonsforagreeingwiththisarethat,asstudents,weprobablyhavenotgivenmuchthoughttofinancialaspectsofmarriage.Ifsomeofushavethoughtaboutafuturespouse,weprobablythoughtaboutfindingtherightpersonandwhetheraboyfriendorgirlfriendwhomwelikeisapersonwewanttospendourlifewith.So,sincethisisanewtopictoconsider,wethinkitisusefulandsensibleadvice.Weliketheideaofsupportingeachother’scareers,beingmoderateaboutspendingmoneyonenjoyment,andsavingregularly.3Mostoftheideasinthepassageareamatterofcommonsense.Reasonsforagreeingwiththisarethatweknowthatmoneyandfinancesareimportant.Afterall,mostofusasstudentsknowhowourparentsworkhardtohelpusandhowthefamilyneedstowatchthehomebudget.Wehavetobecarefulaboutourspendingevennow.Asourparentshadahabitofsaving,eveninhardtimes,wehavegoodmodelsofhowthisisessentialandeffectivelater.So,forstudentsinChina,atleast,mostoftheideasdoseemcommonsensebecauseweareusedtothinkingaboutmoney.Languageinusewordformation:nounéverb1Writetheverbswhichmean:1totakepeoplesomewherebybus(bus)2towriteatextmessagetosomeone(text)3togotopartiesandhavefuneating,drinking,dancingetc(party)4toconvertachequeintocash(cash)5topasssomethingintosomeone’shands(hand)6togivesomeonesomethingasagift(gift)7toputmoneyintothebank(bank)2CompletethesentencesusingthecorrectformoftheverbsyouformedinActivity1.1I’mafraidIcan’tcashthisforyou,ithasn’tbeensigned.2Didyouexpectthemtogiftyouthecomputerinsteadofgettingyoutopayforit?3Afterthematchtheybussedusallhome.4IwilltextyouassoonasIgettothestation.5Shehandedmeacopyofthereportbeforethestartofthemeeting.6Iadviseyoutobankallthatmoneylyingonyourdesk.7I’mexhausted.I’vespentthewholeofthisweekpartyingandhavingagoodtime.prone/liable/subject+to3Rewritethesentencesusingprone/liable/subject+to.TeachingtipsMorethanonechoiceispossiblehere,dependingonhowyouunderstandalikelycontext.Afterall,theyaresimilarinuseandmeaningbutdifferentchoicesarehighlylikelyincertaincontexts.1ThetrainisoftendelayedonSundayevenings.ThetrainisliabletodelaysonSundayevenings.(Therearestaffingproblemsatweekends,especiallyonSundayevenings.)ThetrainissubjecttodelaysonSundayevenings.(ThereareparticularregulationsaboutSundaytravel.)2Zakisachildwhooftenhasaccidents.Zakisachildwhoispronetoaccidents.(Theyarenothisfault,hejustseemsaccident-prone.)Zakisliabletohaveaccidents.(Heiscarelessandjustdoesn’tlistentoadviceaboutsafety.)3Shefrequentlygetsheadaches.Sheispronetoheadaches.(Shewillseeadoctortoseeifthereisamedicalreasonbutwedon’tknowthecauseyet.)Sheisliabletogetheadaches.(Becausethoseyoungchildrennextdoormakesomuchnoise.)4Theloanrequiresacheckonyourfinancialsituation.Theloanissubjecttoacheckonyourfinancialsituation.(Thisisalegalrequirementoracompanyregulation.)5Joeisapersonwhooftenarriveslate.Joeisliabletoarrivelate.(That’sJoeforyou;youknowhim–nevereventriestoarriveontime!)Joeispronetoarrivelate.(Helivesneartheriverandtheroadisoftenfloodedduringthisseasonsohemayhavetogobyanotherroutewhichtakesmuchlonger.)6Shemaywellbreaktherulesinordertogetwhatshewants.Sheisliabletobreaktherulestogetwhatshewants.(Shedoesn’tcareaboutrulesandsheisratherselfishandambitious.)where4Rewritethesentencesusingwhere.1Wemaygettoasituationinwhichrisingtaxesmakeithardtobeprofitable.Wemaygettoasituationwhererisingtaxesmakeithardtobeprofitable.2ThisisthepointwithwhichIdisagree.ThisisapointwhereIdisagree.3MyinternshipwasaninterestingexperienceduringwhichIlearnthowtodealwithcustomers.MyinternshipwasaninterestingexperiencewhereIlearnthowtodealwithcustomers.4Thisisthepointintheyearatwhichtheyusuallygiveeveryoneabonus.Thisisapointintheyearwheretheyusuallygiveeveryoneabonus.5Manypeoplearenowinasituationinwhichtheycannotpaytheirdebts.Manypeoplearenowinasituationwheretheycannotpaytheirdebts.6Iworkinanofficeinwhicheveryonefeelsathome.Iworkinanofficewhereeveryonefeelsathome.collocations5Completethesentenceswithsuitableexpressionsfromthecollocationbox.Sometimesmorethanonecollocationispossible.1Wewerepushedoutofthemarketbythetoughcompetition.2Allhereallywantsisasteadyjobtoprovidehimwitharegularincome.3Youmadeasmartdecisionwhenyouleftthatcompany.4He’sbeenhavingarathertoughtimelately,sincehelosthisjob.5Weusesmarttechnologythroughoutthebuilding.Everythingiscontrolledbyacentralcomputer.6You’vemadeareallyvaluablecontributiontoourorganization,andwewillmissyou.7ShegavemethemostvaluableadviceaboutinvestmentsthatIhaveeverhad.8Thereisadresscodeinmostbanks,andyouwillbeexpectedtowearsmartclothes.9Theirsisaverysteadyrelationship.Iexpectthey’llgetmarriedquitesoon.6TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Today,whilemostofusmarryforromanticreasons,marriageatitscoreisstillafinancialunion.Somuchofwhatwewant–ordon’twant–outoflifeboilsdowntodollarsandcents,whetherit’showhardwechoosetowork,howmuchweconsumeorhowmuchwesave.Forsomepeople,it’sworking80-hourweekstofinanceathirdhomeandcountryclubmembership;forothers,itmeanscuttingbackonofficehourstospendmoretimewiththefamily.“Alotofthedebatespeoplehaveaboutmoneyarecodeforhowwewanttoliveourlives,”saidBetseyStevenson,assistantprofessorofbusinessandpublicpolicyattheUniversityofPennsylvania’sWhartonSchool,whoresearchestheeconomicsofmarriageanddivorce.“Alotofthechoiceswemakeinhowwewanttoliveourlivesinvolvehowwespendourmoney.”Makingthosechoicesasateamisoneofthemostimportantwaystopreserveyourmaritalassets,andyourunion,expertssay.Butit’sthatmucheasierwhenyoualreadysharesimilaroutlooksonmoneymatters–orwhenyoucan,attheveryleast,findsomemiddleground.（注意灵活翻译某些名词，如romanticreasons,dollarsandcents,code,union,asateam等。适当调整原文某些句子的语序以使译文更通顺。）如今，尽管我们大多数人是因相爱而结婚，婚姻从根本上讲仍然是金钱上的结合。不管是选择工作的努力程度，还是决定消费多少或储蓄多少，我们生活中想要得到的——或不想得到的——许多东西归根结底都跟钱有关。对一些人来说，就是一周工作80小时来支付第三套房的房款和乡村俱乐部的会员费；对另一些人来说，意味着缩短上班时间，花更多的时间陪伴家人。“有关钱的许多争论都事关生活方式的原则问题，而生活方式的许多选择则与如何花钱密切相关。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的商业及公共政策助理教授贝齐·史蒂文森如是说，他研究婚姻和离婚经济学。专家们说，夫妻一起共同做出这些选择是维护婚姻资产及婚姻关系的最重要的方法之一。当然，如果夫妻双方一开始就在钱的问题上看法相似，或者至少能够在钱的问题上相互妥协，那么事情就好办多了。7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响，学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活，大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动，但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少，对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然，学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员，因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。当然，如果有更多的会员交年费，而且缩减一些日常开支，我们还是能省下一些钱来组织活动的。但是，问题的关键在于社团活动的费用与参加活动的人数是成正比的，因此这种方法恐怕不太可行。要推进社团活动，同时又不使经费超支，我们必须群策群力，拿出别的筹钱方法，而不是仅仅依赖学校拨款和会员费。(whenitcomesto;carveout;paredown;cutbackon;bottomline;gointothered;pool;inlieuof)Whenitcomestotheeffectsofthecurrenteconomicdownturn,thedecreaseofstudentactivitiesisagoodcaseinpoint.Toenlivencampuslife,theuniversityisalwayswillingtocarveoutmoneyforactivitiesorganizedbystudentclubsandsocieties,butsuchsponsorshipshavebeenpareddownthisyearbecauseofhugebudgetcut.Apparently,studentorganizationsneedtoweathertheirownfinancialcrisisiftheywanttorecoverfromtheircurrentstateofinactiveness.Somesuggestenrollingmoreclubmembers,onthegroundthattheconsequentincreaseofmembershipfeesmayhelpthemgetoutofthedifficulty.Nodoubt,ifwehavemorememberspayingtheannualfee,andifwecutbackonourdailyexpenses,wecansparesomemoneyfororganizingactivities.Butthebottomlineisthattheexpensesoftheseactivitiesareinproportiontothenumberofparticipants.I’mafraidthiswon’tbeofmuchhelp.Tobooststudentactivitiesandtoavoidgoingintothered,westillneedtopoolourideasandcomeupwithsomeotherwaysofraisingmoney,inlieuofrelyingonlyonuniversitygrantsandmembershipfees.WritingBankingandmoneyinChina:avisitor’sguideInChina,you’llseeagoodrangeofbanksinmanypartsofthecityandinsmalltowns.Generallytheiropeninghoursare:from8.0–6.0orso,andmajorbrancheswillbeopensevendaysaweek!Alsogoodhotelshavebankingfacilities.Chinesemoneyiseasytouseandinterestingtolookat.AwordaboutbankaccountsTheChinesebankingsystemissimilartothoseofmanyEuropeancountries:Youcanhaveacurrentaccount,asavingsaccount,afixedsavingsaccountetc.Toopenanaccount,you’llneedtofillinformsandshowyourpassport(yourcompanyorinstitutioninChinamayalsoprovideyouwithaletter).Justwaitafewdaysandthebankwillsetupanaccountforyou.Butdon’texpectapersonalchequebook–inChina,chequesaregenerallyusedbybusinessesbutpeopledon’tusuallyusechequestopayforpersonalthings.Youcan,ofcourse,useacreditcardalmosteverywhere.Ifyouhavetraveller’scheques,youcanalwayscashtheminbanksinmajorcitiesandingoodhotels,butfortravelingarounditisoftenbettertotakecash.ATMsmaynotbequiteascommonasinEuropebutyoucanalwaysfindoneincommercialstreetsincities,inshoppingcentres,andoutsidebranchesofbanks.Asinotherplaces,dotaketheusualsensibleprecautionstolookafteryourmoneyandyourcreditcard.Ifyouhaveanyproblems,usetheemergencyphonenumberinChinaforyourbank.Shouldyouloseyourcreditcard,gototheoriginalbranchofyourbankinChina,provideyouridentitydocumentsandtheyshouldreissueacard.AfewdetailsaboutmoneyThemoneysysteminChinaissimple:ThecurrencyisRenminbi(whichmeans“thepeople’smoney”)andtherearebanknotesindenominationsofyuan(¥):¥1,¥5,¥10,¥20,¥50,¥100andsmallercoinsof1and5jiao.Youwillalsonormallyhearpeopleinconversationinshopsusethewordskuaiforyuanandmaoforjiao.IfyouareasinterestedinChinesecultureasmanyofourvisitorsare,thenhavealookatthebanknotes.OnonesideyouwillseeMaoZedonganddifferentflowers:theorchid(symbolofpurityandloyalty),narcissus(symbolofluck),rose(symbolofyouth),lotus(representingpurityandbeauty),chrysanthemum(longlife)andChineseplum(goodluck).Onthereversesidesofthesebanknotesyouwillnoticeoutstandingbeautyspotsandsceneswhichyoumayevenbeabouttovisit:theWestLake,MountTai,theThreeGorges,theLijiangriveratGuilin,thePotalaPalaceinTibetandtheGreatHallatTiananmenSquareinBeijing.Oldernoteshavepicturesofethnicminoritiesandyoumayspotthe¥10specialnoteforthe2008Olympics:ItshowstheBird’sNestNationalStadiuminBeijingandanancientGreekdiscusthrower.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。几年前，我排队为家人取戏票时，我的朋友也在为她的家人取票。我拿到了戏票，用信用卡付了帐，对这种非现金交易的便利感到很满意。然后就轮到她付款了，整个交易进行得和我的一样顺利，但我的高兴劲儿很快就变成了莫大的羞耻：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不显示身份地位的黑蓝色，而她的信用卡则是高级的金卡。她是怎样弄到金卡的？怎么会这样呢？我知道我挣的比她多，我的车比她的车新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎么看起来显得比我光鲜呢？我有一份跟那时候任何工作相比还算安定的工作——即不太安定的工作，不过我也没什么可抱怨的。我是通过按揭贷款买的房子，可那会儿谁买房不贷款呢？我每个月底都付清信用卡欠款。所以，虽然从技术上讲我欠过信用卡公司的钱，但只是欠几个星期而已。所以我认为我的信用等级应该很高。你可以说我肤浅，我也不感到自豪。但就在当时当地我突然非常嫉妒那位朋友，我决定不要蓝色信用卡了，我要一张金卡。金卡突然变得不可或缺，它让我自我感觉良好，让别人觉得我更有魅力。于是，我去信用卡公司申请最特别、最耀眼的金卡。可是，我的申请被拒了。过了几秒钟，我才从这个打击中回过神来，我问为什么。显然，因为我每次都按时全额付清信用卡欠债，所以我不是他们想要的那种金卡客户，他们的目标客户是那些随时有购物刷卡的冲动，有潜在信用风险，经不住诱惑超支消费，经常延期还款的人。这样他们才有机会收取更多的利息，挣更多的钱，这就是他们的经营之道。这能够解释为什么信用卡公司会用超低利率诱惑像我们家孩子那样的贫穷大学生吗?三个星期前，我的二女儿回家过周末。她在读大一第二学期。和她的大多数朋友一样，她借了三千英镑的学生贷款，并从她可怜的妈妈（哈！）那里得到小小的一笔生活费，用于支付交通、书本及其他生活费用。她穿的衣服是从当地的慈善二手店买来的，平时很少出门。她拥抱了我(以前从不这样做)，然后说：“妈妈，我有事要跟您商量。”“亲爱的，什么事啊？都说出来让我听听。”。“我申请了一张信用卡，需要保证人，我可以填您的名字吗?非常感谢，妈妈，我得赶快走啦，再见。”我费了好大劲儿才把她从外面拽了回来。原来她的银行来信告诉她说：她可以申请一张三个月试用期内低息贷款的信用卡，只要合适……云云。她的银行！我才不相信他们！他们甚至比我更清楚她一贫如洗。这里存在一个严重的问题：准确地说这种卡应该叫欠债卡，他们为什么要称它们为信用卡？还有一个故事更严重。我一个朋友的女儿凯丽在大学攻读现代语言，其中有一年要到国外交流。在出国交流那一年的某段时间，由于程序上的变动，凯丽的银行切断了她在英国之外访问帐户资金的权限。通过书信同银行交涉的时间相当长，未能即时访问帐户资金使得她欠了银行的债，欠款额超过了透支额度（1500英镑）200多英镑。凯丽回国后，银行因为她超支扣了她100英镑，并坚持要她每月支付30英镑，以使她的超支数额回到透支额度之内。但他们没有告诉她，每月支付30英镑并不是偿清欠款，而是支付超额支出的巨额利息。因此凯丽不得不求助于信用卡，在这之前她对信用卡的使用一直非常小心谨慎。由于她是学生，又因为她很少使用信用卡，自然她的信用额度就比较低。毫不奇怪，她甚至无法偿还信用卡账单里的最小还款数。所以她不仅欠银行手续费，而且还欠信用卡的债务及利息。当然，她因此被银行登记为信用风险高的人。事情越来越糟。大学最后一年刚过几个月，银行通知她：她的透支额度由1500英镑减少到1000英镑，他们让她申请学生贷款来填补缺口。可是，贷款公司检查她的银行信用时发现了她的信用卡债务。猜猜怎么着？她没有申请到学生贷款。凯丽是个讨人喜欢的孩子，消费节制有度，生活节俭。她并没有疯狂刷卡买鞋，也没有把信用卡当成时髦玩意儿（不像我），她只是用信用卡购买生存所必需的食品。结果怎样呢？结果是：她不得不退学。我希望凯丽的故事会有个好的结果，也许会有好结果。现在，她在当地的一家超市工作，等她还清债务后可能会继续完成大学学业。这就是银行的所作所为。他们常常利用我们的虚荣和贪婪，有时也利用我们生存的基本需求给我们设下陷阱。等我们掉进陷阱时，他们会大喊：“抓住你啦！你当初没想到这是个陷阱吧？”这就是我们现在的处境：随着世界经济一落千丈，我们都处在信贷危机之中。所有这一切都是因为邪恶的银行家通过大量广告推销他们压根就不存在的贷款来吸引我们，设圈套让我们钻。现在真相大白了：他们也在用自己手中金光闪闪的金卡借钱！我有一个破解信用卡圈套的办法，各位且听我细细道来。__我要你们把所有的信用卡拿来排成一排，拿一把大剪子把它们剪成碎片，然后把碎片装进信封寄回银行，附上一封信，上面（或多或少地）写上：“我信任你，可你却欺骗了我。你让全世界的人都钻进了这个荒谬的信用卡圈套。我把你的卡剪成了两半，除掉你从像我这样的老实人身上骗钱的潜力，也许也该让你来体验一下身无分文的滋味了。”至于我本人，我再也不用信用卡了，再也不要身份的象征了，再也不用费心思去炫耀我比别人优越多少了。我再也不会渴望我无力购买或我无法得到的东西了。Activereading(2)婚姻幸福的奥秘是什么？金钱是关键假如你询问已婚人士婚姻成功的奥秘在哪里，他们可能不会说那是因为找到了持相同金钱观的知己。但如果他们幸运的话，他们一定是找到了这样的知己。和金钱观相同的人结婚很可能就是一辈子最聪明的财务决策。事实上，就财务而言，婚姻可能是你最有价值的资产——或者最大的一笔债务。为爱而结婚是一个相对较近的现象。数世纪以来，婚姻都是包办的，家庭的联姻或出于经济、政治目的，或是便于家境不好的人集资。如今，尽管我们大多数人是因相爱而结婚，婚姻从根本上讲仍然是金钱上的结合。不管是选择工作的努力程度，还是决定消费多少或储蓄多少，我们生活中想要得到的——或不想得到的——许多东西归根结底都跟钱有关。对一些人来说，就是一周工作80小时来支付第三套房的房款和乡村俱乐部的会员费；对另一些人来说，意味着缩短上班时间，花更多的时间陪伴家人。“有关钱的许多争论都事关生活方式的原则问题，而生活方式的许多选择则与如何花钱密切相关。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的商业及公共政策助理教授贝齐·史蒂文森如是说，他研究婚姻和离婚经济学。专家们说，夫妻一起共同做出这些选择是维护婚姻资产及婚姻关系的最重要的方法之一。当然，如果夫妻双方一开始就在钱的问题上看法相似，或者至少能够在钱的问题上相互妥协，那么事情就好办多了。联姻的经济效益很可观，但离婚的代价却是灾难性的，尤其是有了小孩之后。毫不奇怪，金钱也造成了许多夫妻的不和。新泽西州秀特山市的离婚律师苏珊·里奇·温特斯说：“大多数人认为婚姻破裂是因为性或孩子的问题。这些的确是问题，但金钱也是导致婚姻破裂的一个重要因素。”并非每个人都能找到金钱观一致的伴侣，当然找不到也不一定就成问题。在金钱的问题上，有几种方法能让你和你的另一半保持协调，共同富裕。下面这些指导原则是由婚姻成功人士以及心理学、离婚和理财专家共同编写的：互相交流，确定共同目标步入婚姻殿堂之前，男女双方要聊聊各自的财务状态及目标。他们要互相问对方一些棘手的问题：我们要不要孩子？什么时候要？谁来照看孩子？要送他们上公立学校还是私立学校？我们想过怎样的生活？我们什么时候退休？理财规划人卡伦‧阿尔特费斯特与她的丈夫刘易斯在纽约经营L.J.阿尔特费斯特财务管理公司，她说：“在我为夫妇设计的理想方案中，夫妇双方每周都要碰头讨论家庭的财务问题。这样，他们才能保持目标一致。”一起制订目标杰里·巴拉德今年58岁，曾在休斯敦担任过保险总监。他说他和结婚36年的同龄妻子苏珊之所以能够避免理财方面的矛盾，是因为他们都坚守了存款信条。他说：“我们的基本原则是绝不中断存款。”他补充说，他们每年把百分之十到二十的工资存起来。只要持之以恒，他们在花销方面的矛盾就会减少。马里兰州欧文斯·米尔斯市的埃里克·冈拉克今年53岁，已结婚29年。他说他和他的妻子安米歇尔“开诚布公地披露各自的期望。”这些期望包括：送儿子去私立学校读书；有重大的人生体验，如外出旅游，而不是购物。像经营企业一样经营家庭制定收支预算，记录收入、支出及债务。夫妻双方应该像合伙人一样管理家庭财务，做较大的财务决定和制定目标时，双方互相协商。摩根大通集团私人财富管理部的国家理财顾问玛丽·安·西斯科说：“夫妇双方一起参与决策时，他们都是决策的制订者，要共同承担决策的结果。即使结果是负面的，他们也能更好地共渡难关。”分担责任虽然通常是夫妇中的一方负责理财，婚姻顾问还是建议他们轮流负责。在一段时间内，一方可以负责投资，另一方则负责付帐；过一段时间之后两人可以轮换角色，并重复这样的更替。支持对方的职业一位支持你的伴侣可以帮助你在事业上取得成功，这也会一点一滴地增加你们的银行存款。冈拉克先生说：“和合适的人结婚，能互相鼓励，互相支持，有助于双方在事业上取得成就。这种支持只能从夫妻间互相扶持的亲密关系中得到。”他的夫人在他做了22年的人力资源经理之后支持他改行自己开业做管理咨询。在合理的范围内享受要有一定的现金储备，你的生活方式应该在可承受的范围之内。在已经破产的对冲基金或像贝尔斯登这样的金融公司工作过的许多人现在正在接受这方面的教训。摩根大通集团的西斯科女士说：一些年轻顾客由于从来没有经历过经济衰退，他们以为钱会源源不断地涌进来。她说她正在给一对30出头、育有两个幼儿的夫妇作咨询。就在丈夫丢掉华尔街的工作之前，他们刚刚订购了价值3万5千美元的窗帘。之后，他们不得不搬到曼哈顿的一个套小小的公寓里居住，连度假别墅也卖掉了。使用调停人也许你们双方在投资问题上意见不一，而且都很强硬。或者说也许你希望多储蓄，而你的配偶宁可花一大笔钱买德国宝马汽车公司的股票。一个独立的第三方，无论是理财师还是心理治疗师都可以帮你们找到双方都可以接受的方案。德克萨斯州贝莱尔市轴心点咨询公司的理财规划师马克·B.辛德勒最近就为一位抱怨妻子每月花一千美元买衣服的顾客解决了难题。辛德勒先生联系到他的妻子，她抱怨丈夫每月花同样多的钱跟朋友吃饭。那位丈夫要辛德勒先生计算一下，如果他们把她一年花在衣服上的一万两千美元用来投资他们能攒多少钱。辛德勒先生写了一份题为“衣服，吃饭，还是投资？”的报告，他在报告的题目上颇费了一番心思。经过分析，他得出了如下结论：假设回报率为9%的话，这对夫妻在28年后将得到一百六十万美元的收入。他说：“他们会尽量妥协。”保持一定的独立性汇集资源固然重要，但保持一定程度的财务独立性也很重要。要留出一些钱来满足夫妻双方各自的需求。当需要缩减消费时，双方都要做出牺牲，这一点很重要。为婚姻投资夫妻双方要互相陪伴，一起消费。他们应继续约会，“这样做能使婚姻的基础更加牢靠，是对夫妻关系的情感投资。”一位专攻理财问题的芝加哥治疗师加里·S.尚克这样说。你可以把这个看作是定期定额投资婚姻的事业，你只需坚持长期做小额投资就行了。如果你等到退休才做这件事，也许就来不及了。',)