参考资料：英文合同中常见的用词及句型

('第三章英文合同中常见的用词及句型（UsualWordingsandSentencePatterns）Idon’tcarewhattheirintentionwas.Ionlywanttoknowwhatthewordsmean.Awordisnotacrystal,transparentandunchanged,itistheskinofalivingthoughtandmayvarygreatlyincolorandcontentaccordingtothecircumstancesandthetimeinwhichitisused.--Townev.Eisner,245U.S.418,425(1918)(Holmes,J.)我并不在意他们的意图是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不变而是活生生思想的外衣，会因使用的场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生巨大的变化。—霍尔姆斯法官（美国）英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。第一节合同常用词(UsualWording)当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍：一、英文合同常用虚词（UsualFunctionWords）1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/whichorwhat\uf06cHereby:bymeansof;byreasonofthis.特此，由此，兹等意。例句：TheBuyerherebyordersfromtheSellertheundermentionedgoodssubjecttothefollowingconditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：\uf06cHerein：inthis。此中，于此。例句：TheminimumroyaltyhereinspecifiedshallbepaidbyPartyBtoPartyA.在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。\uf06cHereinafter:laterinthesameContract.以下，在下文。通常与tobereferredtoas,referredas,called连用。例句：ThisAgreementismadeandconcludedon______,(date)____(year),byandbetween_____(hereinaftercalledPartyA)ontheonehandand_____(hereinaftercalledPartyB)ontheotherhand.本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。\uf06cHereof：ofthis。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：underthis.本文件规定。例句：Bothpartiesagreetoattempttoresolvealldisputesbetweenthepartieswithrespecttotheapplicationorinterpretationofanytermhereofoftransactionhereunder,throughamicablenegotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。\uf06cHereto：tothis.本文件的。Thereof：ofthat.它的，其。Thereto：tothat与之，向那里。例句：“LicensedProducts”meansthedevicesandproductsdescribedinSchedule1annexedheretotogetherwithallimprovementandmodificationthereofordevelopmentwithrespectthereto.“特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。\uf06cHerewith：withthis.与此，附此。Thereby：bythatmeans.因此，由此，从而例句：InanyoneormoreoftheprovisionscontainedinthisContractoranydocumentexecutedinconnectionherewithshallbeinvalidofunenforceableinanyrespectunderanyapplicablelaw,thevalidityandenforceabilityoftheremainingprovisionscontainedhereinshallnotinanywaybeaffectedthereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。\uf06cThereafter:afterthat，afterwards.此后。例句：TheContractforthecontractualjointventureshallcontinuefromaperiodotwoyearsthereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。\uf06cTherein:inthat;inthatparticularcontext;inthatrespect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。例句：TheLeasedPremisesaredeemedtobefitforoccupationwhenthebuildingthereinissubstantiallycompleted.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。\uf06cTherewith：withthat.以此；此外。例句：TheEmployershallindemnifyandsaveharmlesstheContractoragainstandfromthesameandagainstandfromallclaims,proceedings,damages,costs,chargesandexpenseswhatsoeverarisingthereoutorinconnectiontherewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。\uf06cWhereby:bytheagreement;bythefollowingtermsandconditions,etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。例句：ThisAgreementismadeandconcludedbyandbetweenAACorporation(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)andBBCompany(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)wherebythePartiesheretoagreetoenterintothecompensationtradeunderthetermsandconditionssetforthbelow:本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）2．WITNESSETH,Whereas,NowTherefore,NOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESS,KnowAllMenbythesepresents，InwitnessWhereof,InTestimonyWhereof,Undersigned.WITHNESSETH,Whereas,NowTherefore用于英文合同前言部分，InwitnessWhereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。\uf06cInTestimonyWhereof:inWitnessWhereof.以此为证，特立此证。例句：InTestimonyWhereofwehaveheretosignedthisDocumenton_____(date)acceptedon_____(date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。\uf06cNOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESS:兹特立约为据,本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。例句：NOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESSthatitisherebyagreedbetweenthepartiesheretoasfollows:兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：lKNOWALLMENbythesepresents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOWALLMENbythesepresentsthatwe_____(bank’sname)havingourregisteredofficeat______(hereinaftercalled“theBank”)willbeboundunto_____(theOwner’sname)(hereinaftercalled“theOwner”)inthesumof____forpaymentwellandtrulytobemadetothesaidOwner,theBankwillbinditself,itssuccessorsandbetterassigneebythesepresents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。lUndersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：TheundersignedSellerandBuyerhaveagreedtoclosethefollowingtransactioninaccordancewiththetermsandconditionsstipulatedasfollows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。3．Notwithstanding:inspiteof,despite.即使，尽管。例1：Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionstothecontraryherein,insurancecoverageandlimitsshallbesubjecttoapprovalofalltheparties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。例2：NotwithstandingArticle2.2,thepartiesmayagreetoextendtheExpirationdatetosuchdateasisreasonableinthecircumstancesifanyoftheconditionsprecedentreferredtoinArticle2.1isnotsatisfiedorwaivedonorbeforetheExpirationDate,anysuchagreementorwaivertobeinwriting.尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。4．As合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：\uf06cAs放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，setforth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。例1：Forpurposeofthis,CapitalAccountshallbeadjustedhypotheticallyasprovidedforinSection4.6herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。例2：basedontheirrespectiveVentureinterestsassetforthinSection5.2hereof.基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。\uf06c另有Exceptasotherwiseprovided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。例句：Exceptasotherwiseprovidedherein,allnoticesordemandssentbyregisteredairmailshallbedeemedreceived8daysaftertheyhavebeensentandnoticesordemandssentbytelexshallbedeemedreceivedatthetimeofthedispatchthereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。\uf06cAs构成asthecasemaybe（视具体情况而定），asthecasemayrequire（视具体要求而定）和astheVenturersmaydetermine等短语。例句：TheVenturemayrelocateitsofficefromtimetotimeorhaveadditionalofficesastheVenturersmaydetermine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。\uf06cAs构成asofthedateof____(date)短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。例句：Inwitnesswhereof,thepartieshavecausedthisinstrumenttobedulyexecutedasofthedayandyearfirstabovewritten.合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。\uf06cAs还用在assoonaspractical短语中，意义用法相当于assoonaspossible.例句：DuringtheEmploymentPeriod,theCompanyagreesthatitshallrecommendtotheBoardtheelectionoftheEmployeeasaDirectoroftheCompanyontheCommencementDateorassoonaspracticalthereafter.本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。As与such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。5.foregoing,aforesaid,thesaid,aforementioned,above-mentioned,inquestion\uf06cForegoing,aforesaid,thesaid,aforementioned,above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：TheBankshallgivepromptwrittenortelexnoticetotheBorroweroftheInterestRateineffectfromtimetotimeinaccordancewiththeforegoingsentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。例2：ThecontractshallbewritteninChineseandin____________.Bothlanguageversionsareequallyauthentic.Intheeventofanydiscrepancybetweenthetwoaforementionedversions,theChineseversionshallprevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。\uf06cInquestion:underconsideration;beingtalkabout.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。例句：AllpricestobepaidbytheBuyerunderitsobligationsofthebuyback/counter-purchaseContractshallbetheworldmarketpricestakingintoaccounttheotherdeliverytermsforthegoodsinquestion.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。6.follows,asbelow,thefollowing这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而thefollowing作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOWTHEREFORE,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：NOWTHEREFORE,itisherebyagreedasbelow.为此，双方约定如下：Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremisesandcovenantsdescribedhereinafter,PartyAandPartyBagreeasfollows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：7.accordingto,under,subjectto,inaccordancewith,asper,asprovidedin,pursuantto,incompliancewith这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“accordingto”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“inaccordancewith”最为常见。例如：Incasenosettlementcanbereached,thecasemaythenbesubmittedforarbitrationtoChinaInternationalEconomicAndTradeArbitrationCommissioninaccordancewiththeprovisionalRulesofProcedurespromulgatedbythesaidArbitrationCommission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。又如：APhotostatcopyoftheAcceptanceCertificateoftheContractPlantsignedbytherepresentativesofbothpartiesasperChapter9ofthepresentContract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。再如：BothPartiesshalleachcontributetheirpaidincapitalincompliancewiththeitemsspecifiedintheappendixtotheContract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。8.Includingbutnotlimitedto与including,withoutlimitation以及includingbywayofillustrationbutnotlimitation英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。例如：ThetimefortheperformanceoftheSeller\'sobligationssetforthinthisContractshallbeautomaticallyextendedforaperiodequaltothedurationofanynonperformancearisingdirectlyorindirectlyfromForceMajeureeventsincludingbutnotlimitedtofire,flood,earthquake,typhoon,naturalcatastrophe,andallothercontingenciesandcircumstanceswhatsoeverbeyondtheSeller\'sreasonablecontrolpreventing,hinderingorinterferingwiththeperformancethereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。9.priorto,nolaterthan,onorbefore，onandafterpriorto,onorbefore，nolaterthan,onorafter常用在英文合同中限定日期，priorto表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。onorbefore,no(not)laterthan,表示“不迟于”，Onandafter表示“从某日起”。例如：PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersorttocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如：Ourtermsarecashwithinthreemonths,i.e.onorbeforeMay1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。例如：PartyBshallshipthegoodswithinonemonthofthedateofsigningthisContract,i.e.notlaterthanDecember.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。例如：10-15dayspriortothedateofshipment,theBuyershallinformtheSellerbycableortelexofthecontractnumber,nameofvessel,ETAofvessel,quantitytobeloadedandthenameofshippingagent,soastoenabletheSellertocontacttheshippingagentdirectandarrangetheshipmentofthegoods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。例如：ThiscreditexpirestillJanuary1(inclusive)fornegotiationinBeijing.(or:ThiscreditexpirestillandincludingJanuary1fornegotiationinBeijing.)本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为tillandnotincludingJanuary1。10．WithoutprejudicetoWithoutprejudiceto,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。例如：TheBuyershallneverthelesshavetherighttocancelinpartorinwholeofthecontractwithoutprejudicetotheBuyer\'srighttoclaimcompensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。11．Attributableto,dueto,owingto,byvirtueof,inviewof,becauseof,onaccountof，considering,inconsiderationof这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中dueto，owingto，becauseof较不正式，很少使用。二、英文合同常见实词(ContentWords)1．Represent,warrant,undertake,guarantee在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：例如：BoththeSellerandthePurchaserwarrantandrepresentthatnobrokerwasinvolvedinnegotiatingthispurchaseandsale,andboththeSellerandthePurchaseragreetoindemnifyandholdeachotherharmlessagainstanyandallclaimsforbrokerage.买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。例如：UnderFOBterms,theSellershallundertaketoloadthecontractedgoodsonboardthevesselnominatedbytheBuyeronanydatenotifiedbytheBuyer,withinthetimeofshipmentasstipulatedinClause8ofthisContract.根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。例如：PartyBguaranteesthatthemachinesandequipmentareunused,sophisticatedandofbestquality,andthatthemachinesandequipmentarecapableofmanufacturingthesteelwirerope.乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。2.Principalplaceofbusiness(principaloffice),domicile,businesspremise,registeredoffice在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。例如：ThisContractmadeonApril1,19--,at______,China,betweenABCCo.withitsprincipalofficeat______,China(hereinaftercalledPartyA),andXYZCo.withitsprincipalofficeat______,USA(hereinaftercalledPartyB).本合同于19年4月1日于中国签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国。例如：Iffranchiseeisdeclaredindefaultoftheagreement,thefranchiserhastherighttoconcludethetermsoftheagreementandalsohastheright,withoutnoticetoexecuteanydutifulandauthorizedacts,onthebusinesspremisenecessary.如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。例如：EMPLOYMENTAGREEMENTismadeandenteredintoon________dayof_________(month),____(year),byandbetween:_______(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"Company"),acorporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawsoftheStateof____,withitsregisteredofficelocatedat________________,and______(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"Employee"),anindividual,withnationalityof_________(PassportNo._____)residingat________________.本聘用协议订立于年月日，协议双方为（以下本公司），其按州法律组织设立，注册地为，和，自然人，国籍为国，护照号码为，住址为。例如：TheArbitrationshallbeconductedinthecountryofthedomicileofthedefendant.本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。3．Chapter,article,section,clause,paragraph,subparagraph英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项”分别用chapter,article/section/clause,paragraph,subparagraph表示。例如：TheBorrowerfurtherirrevocablyconsentstoserviceofprocessuponitoutofsaidcourtsinanysuchactionorproceedingbymailingcopiesthereofbyUnitedStatedregisteredairmail,postageprepaid,totheBorrowerattheaddressspecifiedinSection10.5hereof.借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。4.Havetherighttodo,beentitledto,maydo,reservetherighttodo,be(duly)authorizedtodo,havetheauthoritytodo,dosthatone’soptionor/anddiscretion,belibertytodo这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。Beentitledto表示togivesb.therighttosth.(tosth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reservetherighttodo表示tohaveaspecifiedpowerofrightinlaw体现法律上规定的权利。而beauthorizedtodo,havetheauthoritytodo指经授权而有的权利，至于dosth.atone’soptionor/anddiscretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。例如：TheBuyershallneverthelesshavetherighttocancelinpartorinwholeofthecontractwithoutprejudicetotheBuyer\'srighttoclaimcompensations.尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。例如：IncircumstanceprovidedaboveinClause14.1CorNewCompanyshall,atitssoleoptionanddiscretion,beentitledtotransfertoBallorpartofCorNewCompany\'sproprietaryrightsandownershipoftheinfrastructureproject,underconstructionorafterCompletionDate,asliquidateddamages,inlieuofcomputingandcompensatingtheactualdamagesprovidedthatsuchtransfershallbeconductedofC\'sownfreewillorrenderedinthearbitrationawardasstipulatedinclause23.在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。又如：TheBuyershallestablishthecoveringletterofcreditbeforethedatespecifiedinClauseThreeofthisSalesConfirmation,failingwhichtheSellerreservestherighttorescindwithoutfurthernotice,ortoacceptwholeoranypartofthisSalesConfirmationnotfulfilledbytheBuyer,ortolodgeaclaimforlossessustained,ifany.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。再如：ThesupervisionpersonnelappointedbyPartyAanditsrepresentativeshallhavetheauthoritytosupervisetheprogressofworkandgiveinstruction.甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。5．Perform,fulfill,execute,implement英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示todowhatonepartyisobligedtodobyacontract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示todoeverythingwhichispromisedinacontract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Executeimplement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。例如：Withrespecttotheoutstanding180M/Toflow-densitypolyethyleneNY2-11underContractNo.79hp-106,weinsistthatyoumustopenthecoveringletterofcreditthesoonestpossibletosecuretheperformanceofthecontract.WeherebywouldliketocallyourattentiontothefactthattheAdviserInc.,whopurchasedLDPENY2-11fromusatthesametimeasyoudidhavefulfilledtheircommitmentunderthepreviousContractnotlongafterweofferedourregulatedpriceandsignedanewcontractcoveringsubstantialquality.有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。例如：EachofthepartiestothisAgreementshalluseitsreasonablebesteffortstoeffectthetransactionscontemplatedherebyandtofulfillandcausetobefulfilledtheconditionstoClosingunderthisAgreementincluding,withoutlimitation,ParentusingreasonablebesteffortstoobtaintheParentStockholderApprovalatthemeetingofParent\'sstockholdersscheduledtobeheldonJune25,1999oratanyadjournmentorpostponementthereof(the"June25Meeting").Eachpartyhereto,atthereasonablerequestofanotherpartyhereto,shallexecuteanddeliversuchotherinstrumentsanddoandperformsuchotheractsandthingsasmaybenecessaryordesirableforeffectingcompletelytheconsummationofthisAgreementandthetransactionscontemplatedhereby.合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。例如：Alldisputesarisinginconnectionwiththiscontractorintheexecutionthereof,shouldbesettledamicablythroughnegotiations.所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。例如：AllexpensesofkeepingthebooksandrecordsoftheCompanyandthepreparationoffinancialstatementsrequiredtoimplementtheprovisionsofthisAgreementorotherwiseneededfortheconductoftheCompany\'sbusinessshallbebornebytheCompany.所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。6．Abideby,observe,obey,complywith这几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Complywith的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abideby则的主语通常是Sb.例如：ThedeliveredequipmentshallbeinstalledandtestedbyPartyBandshallfullycomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsandprocessingqualityofthecontract.所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。例如：TheContractorshallobserveandabidebyallapplicablelaws,rulesandregulationsinconnectionwiththeWork.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。7.havethelegalobligationtodo,beobliged/obligatedto,shalldo,beundertheobligationtodo,beliable/responsibletodo,beliable/responsiblefor,在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。Shalldosth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：例1：TheCompanyhasnolegalobligation,absoluteorcontingent,toanyotherPersontosellanymaterialportionoftheassetsoftheCompany,tosellanymaterialportionofthecapitalstockorotherownershipinterestsoftheCompanyoranyofitsSubsidiaries,ortoeffectanymerger,consolidationorotherreorganizationoftheCompanyoranyofitsSubsidiariesortoenterintoanyagreementwithrespectthereto.本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。例2：RCIIisnotunderanylegalobligation,whetherwrittenororal,todoanyoftheforegoing.RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。例3：Inthecaseofdangerousand/orpoisonouscargo(es),theSellerisobliged/obligatedtotakecaretoensurethatthenatureandthegenerallyadoptedsymbolshallbemarkedconspicuouslyoneachpackage.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。WithinthetimeasnotifiedbytheBuyer,afteritsarrivalattheportofshipmenttheSellershallbefullyliabletotheBuyerandresponsibleforalllossesandexpensessuchasdeadfreight,demurrage.在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。TheSellershallnotbeheldliableforfailureordelayindeliveryoftheentirelotoraportionofthegoodsunderthisSalesContractinconsequenceofanyForceMajeureincidents.卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。8.effect在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：comeintoeffect表示生效，sth.ineffect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。例如：Thiscontractshallcomeintoeffectonthedatewhenitissignedbybothparties.本合同从双方签字之日起生效。TheBuyershallacceptthebillofexchangeimmediatelyuponthefirstpresentationofthebillofexchangeandtherequireddocumentsandshalleffectthepaymentonthematuritydateofthebillofexchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用ineffect,而不是infact.9．Counterpart,copy,duplicate,original在英文合同中，Counterpart,copy,duplicate,original都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart,copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见induplicate的用法，与此类似的还有intriplicate（一式三份）,inquadruplicate（一式四份），inquintuplicate（一式五份），insextuplicate（一式六份），inseptuplicate（一式七份），inoctuplicate（一式八份），innonuplicate（一式九份），indecuplicate（一式十份）等等。例如：ThisAgreementmaybeexecutedsimultaneouslyintwoormorecounterparts.Eachcounterpartshallbedeemedanoriginal,andallofthecounterpartstogethershallconstitutebutoneandthesameinstrument.本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。10．Incur英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。例如：Incaseherageexceeds15years,theextraaverageinsurancepremiumthusincurredshallbebornebytheSeller.如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。例如：Nocostsincurredinthemanufacture,sale,distributionorexploitationofthearticlesshallbedeductedfromanyroyaltypayablebyLicensee.产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。11．To-wit作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“thatistosay（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH:ThatforandinconsiderationofthesumofOneMillionElevenThousandOneHundredFiftyDollars($1,011,150.00)cashinhandpaidbythepartyofthesecondparttothepartyofthefirstpartandothergoodandvaluableconsideration,thereceiptandsufficiencyofallofwhichareherebyacknowledged,thesaidpartyofthefirstpartdoesherebybargain,sell,grantandconvey,infeesimple,withgeneralwarrantyoftitle,untothepartyofthesecondpart,thefollowing,to-wit:兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：12．Sanction,approval,examination英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。第三节英语合同的常用句型(SentencePatterns)一、intheeventthat(短语为intheeventof),incase(短语为incaseof),providing(that),provided(that),ontheconditionsthat,if(ifandwhenever),where,insofaras(insofaras),should,suppose/supposing（that）在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基础英语中常用的“aslongas”在英文合同非常鲜见。如：IntheeventthattheContractPriceoranyothertermsoftheContractchangesaftertheissuanceoftheLetterofCredit(orLetterofGuarantee)theOwnershallarrangeforsuchLettertobeamendedaccordinglyassoonaspossibleafteranysuchchanges.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。如：Incasepartoforallknow-howoftheabove-mentionedtechnicalcontentshavebeenpublishedbyPartyBorThirdPartiesAobtainsevidenceofsuchpublication,thenPartyAshallnolongerberesponsibleforkeepingsecretandconfidentialthepartalreadypublished.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。如：15%oftheabovecontractprice,e.g.US$21,000.00shallbepaidbyPartyAtoPartyBbyM/Twithin30daysafterPartyAhasreceivedfromPartyBthefollowingtechnicaldocumentationsanddocumentsandprovidingthattheyareinconformitywiththecontract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。如：Eitherpartymayatanytimereplacethechairman,deputychairmanordirector(s)ithasappointed,providedthatitgiveswrittennoticetotheJointVentureCompanyandtheotherparty.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，providedthat通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。ShouldthesellermakedeliveryontimeasstipulatedintheContractwiththeexceptionofForceMajeurespecifiedinClause18tothiscontract,theBuyershallagreetopostponethedeliveryonconditionthattheSelleragreetopayapenaltywhichshallbedeductedbythepayingbankfromthepaymentundernegotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而onconditionthat引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。Notwithstandingthecompletionofthesaleandpurchaseofthe__ordinarysharesintheCompany,thetermsandconditionsofthisagreementshallremaininfullforceandeffectasbetweenthepartiesheretoinsofarasthesamearenotfulfilled.即使买卖公司股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。InallcaseswhereLicenseedesiresartworkinvolvingarticleswhicharethesubjectofthislicensetobeexecuted,thecostofsuchartworkandthetimefortheproductionthereofshallbebornebyLicensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。Asanexample,supposethatStamps.comhasapartnershipagreementwithacompanycalled"InternetMarketing".Inthisexample,"PartnerName"wouldbe"InternetMarketing".试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫InternetMarketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称就是“InternetMaketing”。IfandwhenevertheattorneyatlawdesignatedbyPartyBcomestoworkwithPartyA,PartyAshallofferallsufficientandnecessaryfacilities,arrangethesaidlegalcounselwithanoffice,appointacompanyofficertoassistlegalcounselwithhisfunction,providerelevantinformationandwritandprintlegaldraftforsuchlegalcounsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写打印稿件等。相关链接：innocase,innoevent,inthecaseof，inanycase等。innocase和innoevent表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。例如：Vesselover20yearsofageshallinnoeventbeacceptabletotheBuyer.船龄超过20年的买方概不接受。Inthecaseof就什么来说，关于，inanycase无论如何例如：Inthecaseofdangerousand/orpoisonouscargo(es),theSellerisobligedtotakecaretoensurethatthenatureandthegenerallyadoptedsymbolshallbemarkedconspicuouslyoneachpackage.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。',)