Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004) - International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) (Chinese-English Bilingual Edition)

('《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)第一章总则第1.1条(缔约自由)第1.2条(无形式要求第1.3条(合同的约束性)第1.4条(强制性规则)第1.5条(当事人排除或修改通则)第1.6条(《通则》的解释和补充)第1.7条(诚实信用和公平交易)第1.8条(不一致的行为)第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法)第1.10条(通知)第1.11条(定义)第1.12条(当事人规定的时间的计算)第二章合同的订立与代理权第一节合同的订立第2.1.1条(订立的形式)第2.1.2条(要约的定义)第2.1.3条(要约的撤回)第2.1.4条(要约的撤销)第2.1.5条(要约的拒绝)第2.1.6条(承诺的方式)第2.1.7条(承诺的时间)第2.1.8条(规定期限内的承诺)第2.1.9条(逾期承诺与传递延迟)第2.1.10条(承诺的撤回)第2.1.11条(变更的承诺)第2.1.12条(书面确认)第2.1.13条(合同的订立基于对特定事项或以特定形式达成的协议)第2.1.14条(特意待定的合同条款)第2.1.15条(恶意谈判)第2.1.16条(保密义务)第2.1.17条(合并条款)第2.1.18条(书面变更条款)第2.1.19条(按标准条款订立合同)第2.1.20条(意外条款)第2.1.21条(标准条款与非标准条款的冲突)第2.1.22条(格式合同之争)第二节代理人的权限第2.2.1条(本节的范围)第2.2.2条(代理权的确定及其范围)第2.2.3条(显名代理)1第2.2.4条(隐名代理)第2.2.5条(代理人无权代理或超越代理权限的代理)第2.2.6条(代理人无权代理或超越代理权限行为的责任)第2.2.7条(利益冲突)第2.2.8条(转委托)第2.2.9条(追认)第2.2.10条(代理权限的终止)第三章合同的效力第3.1条(未涉及的事项)第3.2条(协议的效力)第3.3条(自始不能)第3.4条(“错误”的定义)第3.5条(相关错误)第3.6条(表述或传达中的错误)第3.7条(对不履行的救济)第3.8条(欺诈)第3.9条(胁迫)第3.10条(重大失衡)第3.11条(第三人)第3.12条(确认)第3.13条(丧失宣告合同无效的权利)第3.14条(宣告合同无效的通知)第3.15条(时间期限)第3.16条(部分无效)第3.17条(宣告合同无效的溯及力)第3.18条(损害赔偿)第3.19条(本章规定的强制性)第3.20条(单方声明)第四章合同的解释第4.1条(当事人的意图)第4.2条(对陈述和其他行为的解释)第4.3条(相关情况)第4.4条(依合同或陈述的整体考虑)第4.5条(给予所有条款以效力)第4.6条(对条款提议人不利规则)第4.7条(语言差异)第4.8条(补充空缺条款)第五章合同的内容第一节合同的内容第5.1.1条(明示和默示的义务)第5.1.2条(默示的义务)2第5.1.3条(当事人之间的合作)第5.1.4条(获取特定结果的义务和尽最大努力的义务)第5.1.5条(确定所涉义务种类)第5.1.6条(确定履行的质量)第5.1.7条(价格的确定)第5.1.8条(未定期限的合同)第5.1.9条(合意免除)第二节第三人权利第5.2.1条(有利于第三方的合同)第5.2.2条(可以确定的第三人)第5.2.3条(排除和限制条款)第5.2.4条(抗辩)第5.2.5条(撤销)第5.2.6条(弃权)第六章合同的履行第一节一般履行第6.1.1条(履行时间)第6.1.2条(一次或分期履行)第6.1.3条(部分履行)第6.1.4条(履行顺序)第6.1.5条(提前履行)第6.1.6条(履行地)第6.1.7条(以支票或其他票据付款)第6.1.8条(转帐付款)第6.1.9条(付款货币)第6.1.10条(未规定货币)第6.1.11条(履行的费用)第6.1.12条(指定清偿)第6.1.13条(非金钱债务的指定清偿)第6.1.14条(申请公共许可)第6.1.15条(申请许可的程序)第6.1.16条(既未批准又未拒绝许可)第6.1.17条(拒绝许可)第二节艰难情形第6.2.1条(遵守合同)第6.2.2条(艰难的定义)第6.2.3条(艰难的效果)第七章不履行第一节总则第7.1.1条(不履行的定义)第7.1.2条(另一方当事人的干预)3第7.1.3条(拒绝履行)第7.1.4条(不履行方的补救)第7.1.5条(履行的额外期限)第7.1.6条(免责条款)第7.1.7条(不可抗力)第二节要求履行的权利第7.2.1条(金钱债务的履行)第7.2.2条(非金钱债务的履行)第7.2.3条(对瑕疵履行的修补和替代)第7.2.4条(法庭判决的罚金)第7.2.5条(救济的变更)第三节合同的终止第7.3.1条(终止合同的权利)第7.3.2条(终止通知)第7.3.3条(预期不履行)第7.3.4条(如约履行的充分保证)第7.3.5条(终止合同的一般效果)第7.3.6条(恢复原状)第四节损害赔偿第7.4.1条(损害赔偿的权利)第7.4.2条(完全赔偿)第7.4.3条(损害的肯定性)第7.4.4条(损害的可预见性)第7.4.5条(存在替代交易时损害的证明)第7.4.6条(依时价确定损害的证明)第7.4.7条(部分归咎于受损害方当事人的损害)第7.4.8条(损害的减轻)第7.4.9条(未付金钱债务的利息)第7.4.10条(损害赔偿的利息)第7.4.11条(金钱赔偿的方式)第7.4.12条(估算损害赔偿金的货币)第7.4.13条(对不履行所约定的付款)第八章抵销第8.1条(抵销的条件)第8.2条(外国货币的抵销)第8.3条(以通知方式抵销)第8.4条(通知的内容)第8.5条(抵销的效力)第九章权利的转让、义务的转移与合同的转让第一节权利的转让第9.1.1条(定义)第9.1.2条(排除适用)第9.1.3条(非金钱债权的可转让性)4第9.1.4条(部分转让)第9.1.5条(未来权利)第9.1.6条(不经个别指定被转让的权利)第9.1.7条(转让人与受让人的协议足够)第9.1.8条(债务人的额外费用)第9.1.9条(不转让条款)第9.1.10条(对债务人的通知)第9.1.11条(连续转让)第9.1.12条(转让的充分证据)第9.1.13条(抗辩权和抵销权)第9.1.14条(与被转让权利相关的权利)第9.1.15条(转让人的保证)第二节义务的转移第9.2.1条(转移的方式)第9.2.2条(排除适用)第9.2.3条(债权人同意转让的要求)第9.2.4条(债权人的预先同意)第9.2.5条(原债务人的义务免除)第9.2.6条(第三方履行)第9.2.7条(抗辩和抵销权)第9.2.8条(与被转移义务相关的权利)第三节合同的转让第9.3.1条(定义)第9.3.2条(排除适用)第9.3.3条(另一方的同意要求)第9.3.4条(另一方的预先同意)第9.3.5条(转让人的义务免除)第9.3.6条(抗辩权与抵销权)第9.3.7条(随合同转让的权利)第十章时效期间第10.1条(本章范围)第10.2条(时效期间)第10.3条(合同当事方对时效期间的更改)第10.4条(因承认而使时效期间重新起算)第10.5条(司法程序引起的时效中止)第10.6条(仲裁程序引起的中止)第10.7条(替代性争议解决方式)第10.8条(不可抗力，死亡或丧失行为能力引起的中止)第10.9条(时效期间届满的效力)第10.10条(时效期问届满后抵销权的行使)第10.11条(恢复原状)5序言PREAMBLE(通则的目的)(PurposeofthePrinciples)通则旨在为国际商事合同制定一般规则。ThesePrinciplessetforthgeneralrulesforinternationalcommercialcontracts.在当事人约定其合同受通则管辖时，应适用通则。.Theyshallbeappliedwhenthepartieshaveagreedthattheircontractbegovernedbythem.()在当事人约定其合同受法律的一般原则、商人习惯法或类似措辞管辖时，可适用通则。Theymaybeappliedwhenthepartieshaveagreedthattheircontractbegovernedbygeneralprinciplesoflaw,thelexmercatoriaorthelike.在当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同时，可适用通则。Theymaybeappliedwhenthepartieshavenotchosenanylawtogoverntheircontract.通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法文件。Theymaybeusedtointerpretorsupplementinternationaluniformlawinstruments.通则可用于解释或补充国内法。Theymaybeusedtointerpretorsupplementdomesticlaw.通则也可作为国内和国际立法的范本。Theymayserveasamodelfornationalandinternationallegislators.()希望在合同中规定其协议受《通则》管辖的当事人可以使用如下表述，并加上任何希望的例外或调整:()PartieswishingtoprovidethattheiragreementbegovernedbythePrinciplesmightusethefollowingwords,addinganydesiredexceptionsormodifications:“本合同应受《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)管辖，[除了某条款]。”“ThiscontractshallbegovernedbytheUNIDROITPrinciples(2004)[exceptastoArticles…]”.希望在合同中规定适用某一特定的辖区法律的当事人，可以使用如下表述:Partieswishingtoprovideinadditionfortheapplicationofthelawofaparticularjurisdictionmightusethefollowingwords:“本合同应受《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)管辖[除了某条款]，必要时由【X管辖区】的法律补充。”“ThiscontractshallbegovernedbytheUNIDROITPrinciples(2004)[exceptastoArticles…],supplementedwhennecessarybythelawof[jurisdictionX].第一章总则CHAPTER1—GENERALPROVISIONS第1.1条(缔约自由)ARTICLE1.1(Freedomofcontract)当事人可自由订立合同并确定合同的内容。Thepartiesarefreetoenterintoacontractandtodetermineitscontent.6第1.2条(无形式要求)ARTICLE1.2(Noformrequired)通则不要求合同、声明或其他任何行为必须以特定形式作出或以特定形式证明。合同可通过包括证人在内的任何形式证明。NothinginthesePrinciplesrequiresacontract,statementoranyotheracttobemadeinorevidencedbyaparticularform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.第1.3条(合同的约束性)ARTICLE1.3(Bindingcharacterofcontract)有效订立的合同对当事人均具有约束力。当事人仅能根据合同的条款，或通过协议，或根据通则的规定修改或终止合同。Acontractvalidlyenteredintoisbindingupontheparties.ItcanonlybemodifiedorterminatedinaccordancewithitstermsorbyagreementorasotherwiseprovidedinthesePrinciples.第1.4条(强制性规则)ARTICLE1.4(Mandatoryrules)通则的任何规定都不应限制根据国际私法有关规则导致的强制性规则的适用，且不论这些强制性规则是源于国内的、国际的还是超国家的。NothinginthesePrinciplesshallrestricttheapplicationofmandatoryrules,whetherofnational,internationalorsupranationalorigin,whichareapplicableinaccordancewiththerelevantrulesofprivateinternationallaw.第1.5条(当事人的排除或修改)ARTICLE1.5(Exclusionormodificationbytheparties)除通则另有规定外，当事人可以排除通则的适用，或者减损或改变通则任何条款的效力。ThepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofthesePrinciplesorderogatefromorvarytheeffectofanyoftheirprovisions,exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthePrinciples.第1.6条(通则的解释和补充)ARTICLE1.6(InterpretationandsupplementationofthePrinciples)(1)在解释通则时，应考虑通则的国际性及其目的，包括促进其统一适用的需要。(1)IntheinterpretationofthesePrinciples,regardistobehadtotheirinternationalcharacterandtotheirpurposesincludingtheneedtopromoteuniformityintheirapplication.(2)凡属于通则范围之内但又未被通则明确规定的问题，应尽可能地根据通则确定的一般基本原则来处理。(2)IssueswithinthescopeofthesePrinciplesbutnotexpresslysettledbythemareasfaraspossibletobesettledinaccordancewiththeirunderlyinggeneralprinciples.第1.7条(诚实信用和公平交易)ARTICLE1.7(Goodfaithandfairdealing)(1)在国际贸易中，每一方当事人应依据诚实信用和公平交易的原则行事。(1)Eachpartymustactinaccordancewithgoodfaithandfairdealingininternationaltrade.(2)当事人不能排除或限制此项义务。(2)Thepartiesmaynotexcludeorlimitthisduty.第1.8条(不一致行为)ARTICLE1.8(InconsistentBehaviour)如果一方当事人使得另一方当事人产生某种理解，且该另一方当事人依赖该理解合理行事，并对自己造成不7利后果，则该方当事人不得以与该另一方当事人理解不一致的方式行事。Apartycannotactinconsistentlywithanunderstandingithascausedtheotherpartytohaveanduponwhichthatotherpartyreasonablyhasactedinreliancetoitsdetriment.第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法)ARTICLE1.9(Usagesandpractices)(1)当事人各方受其业已约定的任何惯例和其相互之间业已建立的任何习惯做法的约束。(1)Thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticeswhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.(2)在特定的有关贸易中的合同当事人，应受国际贸易中广泛知悉并惯常遵守的惯例的约束，除非该惯例的适用为不合理。(2)Thepartiesareboundbyausagethatiswidelyknowntoandregularlyobservedininternationaltradebypartiesintheparticulartradeconcernedexceptwheretheapplicationofsuchausagewouldbeunreasonable.第1.10条(通知)ARTICLE1.10(Notice)(1)在需要发出通知时，通知可以适合于具体情况的任何方式发出。(1)Wherenoticeisrequireditmaybegivenbyanymeansappropriatetothecircumstances.(2)通知于送达被通知人时生效。(2)Anoticeiseffectivewhenitreachesthepersontowhomitisgiven.(3)就第(2)款而言，通知于口头传达被通知人或递送到被通知人的营业地或通讯地址时，为通知“送达”被通知人。(3)Forthepurposeofparagraph(2)anotice“reaches”apersonwhengiventothatpersonorallyordeliveredatthatperson’splaceofbusinessormailingaddress.(4)就本条而言，通知包括声明、要求、请求或任何其他意思的表述。(4)Forthepurposeofthisarticle“notice”includesadeclaration,demand,requestoranyothercommunicationofintention.第1.11条(定义)ARTICLE1.11(Definitions)通则中:InthesePrinciples——“法院”，包括仲裁庭。——“court”includesanarbitraltribunal;——“营业地”，在当事人有一个以上的营业地时，考虑到在合同订立之前任何时候或订立合同之时各方当事人所知晓或考虑到的情况，相关的“营业地”是指与合同和其履行具有最密切联系的营业地。——whereapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusinesstherelevant“placeofbusiness”isthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptothecontractanditsperformance,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;——“债务人”是指履行义务的一方当事人;“债权人”是指有权要求履行义务的一方当事人。——“obligor”referstothepartywhoistoperformanobligationand“obligee”referstothepartywhoisentitledtoperformanceofthatobligation.8——“书面”是指能保存所含信息的记录，并能以有形方式复制的任何通讯方式。——“writing”meansanymodeofcommunicationthatpreservesarecordoftheinformationcontainedthereinandiscapableofbeingreproducedintangibleform.第1.12条(当事人规定的时间的计算)ARTICLE1.12(Computationoftimesetbyparties)(1)发生在由当事人规定的履行某一行为的期间内的法定节假日或非工作日应包括在期间的计算之内。(1)Officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringaperiodsetbypartiesforanacttobeperformedareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.(2)然而，如果期间的最后一天在履行该行为之当事人的营业地是法定节假日或非工作日，该期间可顺延至随后的第一个工作日，除非情况有相反的表示。(2)However,ifthelastdayoftheperiodisanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessofthepartytoperformtheact,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessdaywhichfollows,unlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.(3)相关的时区是设定时间的当事人营业地的时区，除非情况有相反的表示。(3)Therelevanttimezoneisthatoftheplaceofbusinessofthepartysettingthetime,unlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.第二章合同的订立与代理人的权限CHAPTER2—FORMATIONANDAUTHORITYOFAGENTS第一节合同的订立SECTION1:FORMATION第2.1.1条(订立的形式)ARTICLE2.1.1(Mannerofformation)合同可通过对要约的承诺或通过能充分表明当事人各方合意的行为而成立。Acontractmaybeconcludedeitherbytheacceptanceofanofferorbyconductofthepartiesthatissufficienttoshowagreement.第2.1.2条(要约的定义)ARTICLE2.1.2(Definitionofoffer)一项订立合同的建议，如果十分确定，并表明要约人在得到承诺时受其约束的意旨，即构成一项要约。Aproposalforconcludingacontractconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.第2.1.3条(要约的撤回)ARTICLE2.1.3(Withdrawalofoffer)(1)要约于送达受要约人时生效;(1)Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(2)一项要约即使是不可撤销的，也可以撤回，如果撤回通知在要约送达受要约人之前或与要约同时送达受要约人。(2)Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.第2.1.4条(要约的撤销)ARTICLE2.1.4(Revocationofoffer)(1)在合同订立之前，要约得予撤销，如果撤销通知在受要约人发出承诺之前送达受要约人。(1)Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforeithasdispatchedanacceptance.9(2)但是，在下列情况下，要约不得撤销:(2)However,anoffercannotberevoked(a)要约写明承诺的期限，或以其他方式表明要约是不可撤销的;或(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)受要约人有理由信赖该项要约是不可撤销的，且受要约人已依赖该要约行事。(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.第2.1.5条(要约的拒绝)ARTICLE2.1.5(Rejectionofoffer)要约于拒绝通知送达要约人时终止。Anofferisterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.第2.1.6条(承诺的方式)ARTICLE2.1.6(Modeofacceptance)(1)受要约人做出的声明或表示同意一项要约的其他行为构成承诺。缄默或不行为本身不构成承诺。(1)Astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.Silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.(2)对一项要约的承诺于同意的表示送达要约人时生效。(2)Anacceptanceofanofferbecomeseffectivewhentheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.(3)但是，如果根据要约本身，或依照当事人之间建立的习惯做法或依照惯例，受要约人可以通过做出某行为来表示同意，而无须向要约人发出通知，则承诺于做出该行为时生效。(3)However,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganactwithoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectivewhentheactisperformed.第2.1.7条(承诺的时间)ARTICLE2.1.7(Timeofacceptance)要约必须在要约人规定的时间内承诺;或者如果未规定时间，应在考虑了交易的具体情况，包括要约人所使用的通讯方法的快捷程度的一段合理的时间内做出承诺。对口头要约必须立即做出承诺，除非情况有相反的表示。Anoffermustbeacceptedwithinthetimetheofferorhasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletimehavingregardtothecircumstances,includingtherapidityofthemeansofcommunicationemployedbytheofferor.Anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.第2.1.8条(规定期限内的承诺)ARTICLE2.1.8(Acceptancewithinafixedperiodoftime)要约人规定的承诺期限自要约发出时起算。要约中表示的日期应被视为是要约发出的时间，除非情况有相反的表示。Aperiodofacceptancefixedbytheofferorbeginstorunfromthetimethattheofferisdispatched.Atimeindicatedintheofferisdeemedtobethetimeofdispatchunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.第2.1.9条(逾期承诺与传递迟延)ARTICLE2.1.9(Lateacceptance.Delayintransmission)(1)逾期承诺仍应具有承诺的效力，但要约人应毫不迟延地告知受要约人该承诺具有效力或就此向受要约人发出通知。(1)Alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutunduedelaytheofferorso10informstheoffereeorgivesnoticetothateffect.(2)如果载有逾期承诺的信息表明它是在如果传递正常即能及时被送达要约人的情况下发出的，则该逾期的承诺仍具有承诺的效力，除非要约人毫不迟延地通知受要约人此要约已失效。(2)Ifacommunicationcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutunduedelay,theofferorinformstheoffereethatitconsiderstheofferashavinglapsed.第2.1.10条(承诺的撤回)ARTICLE2.1.10(Withdrawalofacceptance)承诺可以撤回，只要撤回通知在承诺本应生效之前或同时送达要约人。Anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebecomeeffective.第2.1.11条(变更的承诺)ARTICLE2.1.11(Modifiedacceptance)(1)对要约意在表示承诺但载有添加、限制或其他变更的答复，即为对要约的拒绝，并构成反要约。(1)Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.(2)但是，对要约意在表示承诺但载有添加，或不同条件的答复，如果所载的添加或不同条件没有实质性地改变要约的条件，那么，除非要约人毫不迟延地表示拒绝这些不符，则此答复仍构成承诺。如果要约人不做出拒绝，则合同的条款应以该项要约的条款以及承诺通知中所载有的变更为准。(2)However,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectstothediscrepancy.Iftheofferordoesnotobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.第2.1.12条(书面确认)ARTICLE2.1.12(Writingsinconfirmation)在合同订立后一段合理时间内发出的意在确认合同的书面文件，如果载有添加或不同的条款，除非这些添加或不同条款实质性地变更了合同，或者接收方毫不迟延地拒绝了这些不符，则这些条款应构成合同的一个组成部分。Ifawritingwhichissentwithinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontractandwhichpurportstobeaconfirmationofthecontractcontainsadditionalordifferentterms,suchtermsbecomepartofthecontract,unlesstheymateriallyalterthecontractortherecipient,withoutunduedelay,objectstothediscrepancy.第2.1.13条(合同的订立基于对特定事项或特定形式的协议)ARTICLE2.1.13(Conclusionofcontractdependentonagreementonspecificmattersorinaparticularform)在谈判过程中，凡一方当事人坚持合同的订立以对特定事项或以特定形式达成协议为条件的，则在对这些特定事项或形式达成协议之前，合同不能订立。Whereinthecourseofnegotiationsoneofthepartiesinsiststhatthecontractisnotconcludeduntilthereisagreementonspecificmattersorinaparticularform,nocontractisconcludedbeforeagreementisreachedonthosemattersorinthatform.第2.1.14条(特意待定的合同条款)ARTICLE2.1.14(Contractwithtermsdeliberatelyleftopen)11(1)如果当事人各方意在订立一项合同，但却有意将一项条款留待进一步谈判商定或由第三人确定，则这一事实并不妨碍合同的成立。(1)Ifthepartiesintendtoconcludeacontract,thefactthattheyintentionallyleaveatermtobeagreeduponinfurthernegotiationsortobedeterminedbyathirdpersondoesnotpreventacontractfromcomingintoexistence.(2)考虑到当事人各方的意思，如果在具体情况下存在一种可选择的合理方法来确定此条款，则合同的存在不受此后发生的下列情况的影响:(2)Theexistenceofthecontractisnotaffectedbythefactthatsubsequently(a)当事人各方未就该条款达成协议;或(a)thepartiesreachnoagreementontheterm;or(b)第三人未确定此条款。(b)thethirdpersondoesnotdeterminetheterm,providedthatthereisanalternativemeansofrenderingthetermdefinitethatisreasonableinthecircumstances,havingregardtotheintentionoftheparties.第2.1.15条(恶意谈判)ARTICLE2.1.15(Negotiationsinbadfaith)(1)当事人可自由进行谈判，并对未达成协议不承担责任;(1)Apartyisfreetonegotiateandisnotliableforfailuretoreachanagreement.(2)但是，一方当事人如果恶意进行谈判或恶意终止谈判，则该方当事人应对因此给另一方当事人所造成的损失承担责任;(2)However,apartywhonegotiatesorbreaksoffnegotiationsinbadfaithisliableforthelossescausedtotheotherparty.(3)恶意，特别是指一方当事人在无意与对方达成协议的情况下，开始或继续进行谈判。(3)Itisbadfaith,inparticular,forapartytoenterintoorcontinuenegotiationswhenintendingnottoreachanagreementwiththeotherparty.第2.1.16条(保密义务)ARTICLE2.1.16(Dutyofconfidentiality)在谈判过程中，一方当事人以保密性质提供的信息，无论此后是否达成合同，另一方当事人有义务不予泄露，也不得为自己的目的不适当地使用这些信息。在适当的情况下，违反该义务的救济可以包括根据另一方当事人泄露该信息所获得之利益予以赔偿。Whereinformationisgivenasconfidentialbyonepartyinthecourseofnegotiations,theotherpartyisunderadutynottodisclosethatinformationortouseitimproperlyforitsownpurposes,whetherornotacontractissubsequentlyconcluded.Whereappropriate,theremedyforbreachofthatdutymayincludecompensationbasedonthebenefitreceivedbytheotherparty.第2.1.17条(合并条款)ARTICLE2.1.17(Mergerclauses)若一个书面合同中载有的一项条款表明该合同包含了各方当事人已达成一致的全部条款，则此前存在的任何陈述或协议不能被用作证据对抗或补充该合同。但是，这些陈述或协议可用于解释该书面合同。Acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaclauseindicatingthatthewritingcompletelyembodiesthetermsonwhichthepartieshaveagreedcannotbecontradictedorsupplementedbyevidenceofpriorstatementsoragreements.However,suchstatementsoragreementsmaybeusedtointerpretthewriting.第2.1.18条(特定形式修改)ARTICLE2.1.18(Modificationinaparticularform)如果书面合同中载有的一项条款要求合同的任何修改或终止必须以特定形式做出，则该合同不得以其他形式12修改或终止。但是，在一方当事人的行为使另一方当事人产生信赖并依此行事的限度内，则该一方当事人因其行为可被拒绝主张本条款。Acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaclauserequiringanymodificationorterminationbyagreementtobeinaparticularformmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminated.However,apartymaybeprecludedbyitsconductfromassertingsuchaclausetotheextentthattheotherpartyhasreasonablyactedinrelianceonthatconduct.第2.1.19条(按标准条款订立合同)ARTICLE2.1.19(Contractingunderstandardterms)(1)一方或双方当事人使用标准条款订立合同，适用订立合同的一般规则，但应受本章第2.1.20条至第2.1.22条的约束。(1)Whereonepartyorbothpartiesusestandardtermsinconcludingacontract,thegeneralrulesonformationapply,subjecttoArticles2.1.20-2.1.22.(2)标准条款是指一方为通常和重复使用的目的而预先准备的条款，并在实际使用时未与对方谈判。(2)Standardtermsareprovisionswhicharepreparedinadvanceforgeneralandrepeatedusebyonepartyandwhichareactuallyusedwithoutnegotiationwiththeotherparty.第2.1.20条(意外条款)ARTICLE2.1.20(Surprisingterms)(1)如果标准条款中含有另一方当事人不能合理预见性质的条款，则该条款无效，除非对方明示地表示接受;(1)Notermcontainedinstandardtermswhichisofsuchacharacterthattheotherpartycouldnotreasonablyhaveexpectedit,iseffectiveunlessithasbeenexpresslyacceptedbythatparty.(2)在确定某一条款是否属于这种性质时，应考虑到该条款的内容、语言和表达方式。(2)Indeterminingwhetheratermisofsuchacharacterregardshallbehadtoitscontent,languageandpresentation.第2.1.21条(标准条款与非标准条款的冲突)ARTICLE2.1.21(Conflictbetweenstandardtermsandnon-standardterms)若标准条款与非标准条款发生冲突，以非标准条款为准。Incaseofconflictbetweenastandardtermandatermwhichisnotastandardtermthelatterprevails.第2.1.22条(格式合同之争)ARTICLE2.1.22(Battleofforms)在双方当事人均使用标准条款的情况下，如果双方对除标准条款以外的条款达成一致，则合同应根据已达成一致的条款以及在实体内容上相同的标准条款订立，除非一方当事人已事先明确表示或事后毫不迟延地通知另一方当事人其不愿受这种合同的约束。Wherebothpartiesusestandardtermsandreachagreementexceptonthoseterms,acontractisconcludedonthebasisoftheagreedtermsandofanystandardtermswhicharecommoninsubstanceunlessonepartyclearlyindicatesinadvance,orlaterandwithoutunduedelayinformstheotherparty,thatitdoesnotintendtobeboundbysuchacontract.第二节代理人的权限SECTION2:AUTHORITYOFAGENTS第2.2.1条(本节的范围)ARTICLE2.2.1(ScopeoftheSection)(1)本节调整某人(代理人)通过与第三方之间的一项合同的订立或相关事项，影响另一人(本人)法律关系的权限，而不论代理人是以自己的名义还是以本人的名义行事。13(1)ThisSectiongovernstheauthorityofaperson(“theagent”),toaffectthelegalrelationsofanotherperson(“theprincipal”),byorwithrespecttoacontractwithathirdparty,whethertheagentactsinitsownnameorinthatoftheprincipal.(2)本节仅调整以本人或代理人为一方当事人，以第三方为另一方当事人之间的关系。(2)Itgovernsonlytherelationsbetweentheprincipalortheagentontheonehand,andthethirdpartyontheother.(3)本节并不调整由法律赋予代理人的权限，或由公共或司法机构指定的代理人的权限。(3)Itdoesnotgovernanagent’sauthorityconferredbylawortheauthorityofanagentappointedbyapublicorjudicialauthority.第2.2.2条(代理人权限的确立和范围)ARTICLE2.2.2(Establishmentandscopeoftheauthorityoftheagent)(1)本人授予代理人的权限既可以是明示的也可以是默示的。(1)Theprincipal’sgrantofauthoritytoanagentmaybeexpressorimplied.(2)代理人为实现授权之目的，有权采取所有必要的行为。(2)Theagenthasauthoritytoperformallactsnecessaryinthecircumstancestoachievethepurposesforwhichtheauthoritywasgranted.第2.2.3条(显名代理)ARTICLE2.2.3(Agencydisclosed)(1)如当代理人在其权限范围内行事，且第三方已知或应知其以代理身份行事，代理人的行为将直接影响本人和第三方之间的法律关系，而在代理人和第三方之间不创设任何法律关系。(1)Whereanagentactswithinthescopeofitsauthorityandthethirdpartykneworoughttohaveknownthattheagentwasactingasanagent,theactsoftheagentshalldirectlyaffectthelegalrelationsbetweentheprincipalandthethirdpartyandnolegalrelationiscreatedbetweentheagentandthethirdparty.(2)但是，当代理人经本人同意成为合同一方时，则代理人的行为应仅影响代理人和第三方之间的关系。(2)However,theactsoftheagentshallaffectonlytherelationsbetweentheagentandthethirdparty,wheretheagentwiththeconsentoftheprincipalundertakestobecomethepartytothecontract.第2.2.4条(隐名代理)ARTICLE2.2.4(Agencyundisclosed)(1)当代理人在其权限范围内行事，但第三方既不知道也不应知道代理人是作为代理人行事时，则代理人的行为将仅影响代理人与第三方之间的关系。(1)Whereanagentactswithinthescopeofitsauthorityandthethirdpartyneitherknewnoroughttohaveknownthattheagentwasactingasanagent,theactsoftheagentshallaffectonlytherelationsbetweentheagentandthethirdparty.(2)然而，代理人当代表一个商业与第三方达成合同时，声称是该商业的所有人，则第三方在发现该商业的真实所有者后，可以向后者行使其对代理人的权利。(2)However,wheresuchanagent,whencontractingwiththethirdpartyonbehalfofabusiness,representsitselftobetheownerofthatbusiness,thethirdparty,upondiscoveryoftherealownerofthebusiness,mayexercisealsoagainstthelattertherightsithasagainsttheagent.第2.2.5条(代理人无权或越权行事)ARTICLE2.2.5(Agentactingwithoutorexceedingitsauthority)(1)代理人没有代理权或超越代理权行事时，其行为不影响委托人和第三方之间的法律关系。(1)Whereanagentactswithoutauthorityorexceedsitsauthority,itsactsdonotaffectthelegalrelationsbetweentheprincipalandthethirdparty.14(2)但是，当本人造成第三方合理地认为代理人有权代表本人行事，且代理人是在该权限范围内行事时，则本人不得以代理人无代理权为由对抗第三方。(2)However,wheretheprincipalcausesthethirdpartyreasonablytobelievethattheagenthasauthoritytoactonbehalfoftheprincipalandthattheagentisactingwithinthescopeofthatauthority,theprincipalmaynotinvokeagainstthethirdpartythelackofauthorityoftheagent.第2.2.6条(代理人无权或越权行事的责任)ARTICLE2.2.6(Liabilityofagentactingwithoutorexceedingitsauthority)(1)没有代理权或超越代理权行事的代理人，如未经本人追认，则应对第三人承担将其恢复至如同代理人有代理权或未超越代理权行事时第三方应处的同等状况的责任。(1)Anagentthatactswithoutauthorityorexceedsitsauthorityis,failingratificationbytheprincipal,liablefordamagesthatwillplacethethirdpartyinthesamepositionasiftheagenthadactedwithauthorityandnotexceededitsauthority.(2)但是，如果第三方已知或应知代理人没有代理权或超越代理权，则代理人不承担责任。(2)However,theagentisnotliableifthethirdpartykneworoughttohaveknownthattheagenthadnoauthorityorwasexceedingitsauthority.第2.2.7条(利益冲突)ARTICLE2.2.7(Conflictofinterests)(1)如果代理人缔结的合同涉及到代理人与本人存在利益冲突，而且第三方已知或应知这一情况，则本人可主张合同无效。主张无效的权利由第3.12条和第3.14条至第3.17条调整。(1)Ifacontractconcludedbyanagentinvolvestheagentinaconflictofinterestswiththeprincipalofwhichthethirdpartykneworoughttohaveknown,theprincipalmayavoidthecontract.TherighttoavoidissubjecttoArticles3.12and3.14to3.17.(2)但是，本人在以下情况不得主张合同无效:(2)However,theprincipalmaynotavoidthecontract(a)本人已经同意，或已知或应知代理人涉及利益冲突;或(a)iftheprincipalhadconsentedto,orkneworoughttohaveknownof,theagent’sinvolvementintheconflictofinterests;or(b)代理人已经披露与本人的利益冲突，但本人在合理时间内并未提出反对。(b)iftheagenthaddisclosedtheconflictofintereststotheprincipalandthelatterhadnotobjectedwithinareasonabletime.第2.2.8条(次代理)ARTICLE2.2.8(Sub-agency)代理人有指定次代理人履行那些非合理预期代理人本身履行的行为的默示权力。本节的规则适用于次代理。Anagenthasimpliedauthoritytoappointasub-agenttoperformactswhichitisnotreasonabletoexpecttheagenttoperformitself.TherulesofthisSectionapplytothesub-agency.第2.2.9条(追认)ARTICLE2.2.9(Ratification)(1)代理人没有代理权或超越代理权的行为可由本人追认。经追认的行为如同代理人自始就依代理权行事产生同样的效力。(1)Anactbyanagentthatactswithoutauthorityorexceedsitsauthoritymayberatifiedbytheprincipal.Onratificationtheactproducesthesameeffectsasifithadinitiallybeencarriedoutwithauthority.(2)第三方可以通知本人在一段合理的时间内追认。本人如未在该时间内追认，则不能再予追认。(2)Thethirdpartymaybynoticetotheprincipalspecifyareasonableperiodoftimeforratification.Ifthe15principaldoesnotratifywithinthatperiodoftimeitcannolongerdoso.(3)如果在代理人行事时，第三方既不知也不应知代理人无权代理，则第三方可在本人追认前，随时通知本人表示拒绝受追认的约束。(3)If,atthetimeoftheagent’sact,thethirdpartyneitherknewnoroughttohaveknownofthelackofauthority,itmay,atanytimebeforeratification,bynoticetotheprincipalindicateitsrefusaltobecomeboundbyaratification.第2.2.10条(代理权终止)ARTICLE2.2.10(Terminationofauthority)(1)代理权的终止对第三方不产生效力，除非第三方已知或应知这一情况。(1)Terminationofauthorityisnoteffectiveinrelationtothethirdpartyunlessthethirdpartykneworoughttohaveknownofit.(2)尽管代理权终止，但代理人仍有权为防止损害本人利益采取必要的行为。(2)Notwithstandingtheterminationofitsauthority,anagentremainsauthorisedtoperformtheactsthatarenecessarytopreventharmtotheprincipal’sinterests.第三章合同的效力CHAPTER3—VALIDITY第3.1条(未涉及事项)ARTICLE3.1(Mattersnotcovered)通则不处理由以下原因而导致的合同无效:ThesePrinciplesdonotdealwithinvalidityarisingfrom(a)无行为能力;(a)lackofcapacity;(b)不道德或非法。(b)immoralityorillegality.第3.2条(协议的效力)ARTICLE3.2(Validityofmereagreement)合同仅由双方的协议订立、修改或终止，除此别无其他要求。Acontractisconcluded,modifiedorterminatedbythemereagreementoftheparties,withoutanyfurtherrequirement.第3.3条(自始不能)ARTICLE3.3(Initialimpossibility)(1)合同订立时不能履行所承担之义务的事实本身，不影响合同的效力。(1)Themerefactthatatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontracttheperformanceoftheobligationassumedwasimpossibledoesnotaffectthevalidityofthecontract.(2)合同订立时一方当事人无权处置与该合同相关联之财产的事实本身，不影响合同的效力。(2)Themerefactthatatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractapartywasnotentitledtodisposeoftheassetstowhichthecontractrelatesdoesnotaffectthevalidityofthecontract.第3.4条(错误的定义)ARTICLE3.4(Definitionofmistake)错误是指对合同订立时已经存在的事实或法律所做的不正确的假设。Mistakeisanerroneousassumptionrelatingtofactsortolawexistingwhenthecontractwasconcluded.16第3.5条(相关错误)ARTICLE3.5(Relevantmistake)(1)一方当事人可因错误而宣告合同无效，此错误在订立合同时如此之重大，以至于一个通情达理的人处在与犯错误之当事人的相同情况之下，如果知道事实真相，就会按实质不同的条款订立合同，或根本不会订立合同，并且(1)Apartymayonlyavoidthecontractformistakeif,whenthecontractwasconcluded,themistakewasofsuchimportancethatareasonablepersoninthesamesituationasthepartyinerrorwouldonlyhaveconcludedthecontractonmateriallydifferenttermsorwouldnothaveconcludeditatallifthetruestateofaffairshadbeenknown,and(a)另一方当事人犯了相同的错误，或造成如此错误，或者另一方当事人知道或理应知道该错误，但却有悖于公平交易的合理商业标准，使错误方一直处于错误状态之中;或者(a)theotherpartymadethesamemistake,orcausedthemistake,orkneworoughttohaveknownofthemistakeanditwascontrarytoreasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealingtoleavethemistakenpartyinerror;or(b)在宣告合同无效时，另一方当事人尚未依其对合同的信赖而行事。(b)theotherpartyhadnotatthetimeofavoidancereasonablyactedinrelianceonthecontract.(2)但是，一方当事人不能宣告合同无效，如果(2)However,apartymaynotavoidthecontractif(a)该当事人由于重大疏忽而犯此错误;或者(a)itwasgrosslynegligentincommittingthemistake;or(b)错误与某事实相关联，而对于该事实发生错误的风险已被设想到，或者考虑到相关情况，该错误的风险应当由错误方承担。(b)themistakerelatestoamatterinregardtowhichtheriskofmistakewasassumedor,havingregardtothecircumstances,shouldbebornebythemistakenparty.第3.6条(表述或传达中的错误)ARTICLE3.6(Errorinexpressionortransmission)在表述或传达一项声明过程中发生的错误应视为做出该声明之人的错误。Anerroroccurringintheexpressionortransmissionofadeclarationisconsideredtobeamistakeofthepersonfromwhomthedeclarationemanated.第3.7条(对不履行的救济)ARTICLE3.7(Remediesfornon-performance)一方当事人无权因错误宣告合同无效，如果该方当事人所依赖的情况表明对不履行可以或本来可以提供救济。Apartyisnotentitledtoavoidthecontractonthegroundofmistakeifthecircumstancesonwhichthatpartyreliesafford,orcouldhaveafforded,aremedyfornon-performance.第3.8条(欺诈)ARTICLE3.8(Fraud)一方当事人可宣告合同无效，如果其订立合同是基于另一方当事人的欺诈性陈述，包括欺诈性的语言或做法，或按照公平交易的合理商业标准，该另一方当事人对应予披露的情况欺诈性地未予披露。Apartymayavoidthecontractwhenithasbeenledtoconcludethecontractbytheotherparty’sfraudulentrepresentation,includinglanguageorpractices,orfraudulentnon-disclosureofcircumstanceswhich,accordingtoreasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealing,thelatterpartyshouldhavedisclosed.第3.9条(胁迫)ARTICLE3.9(Threat)17一方当事人可宣告合同无效，如果其合同的订立是因另一方当事人的不正当之胁迫，而且考虑到在各种情况下，该胁迫如此急迫、严重到足以使第一方当事人无其他合理选择。尤其是当使一方当事人受到胁迫的作为或不作为本身属非法，或者以其作为手段来获取合同的订立属非法时，均为不正当的胁迫。Apartymayavoidthecontractwhenithasbeenledtoconcludethecontractbytheotherparty’sunjustifiedthreatwhich,havingregardtothecircumstances,issoimminentandseriousastoleavethefirstpartynoreasonablealternative.Inparticular,athreatisunjustifiediftheactoromissionwithwhichapartyhasbeenthreatenediswrongfulinitself,oritiswrongfultouseitasameanstoobtaintheconclusionofthecontract.第3.10条(重大失衡)ARTICLE3.10(Grossdisparity)(1)在订立合同时，合同或其个别条款不合理地对另一方当事人过分有利，则一方当事人可宣告该合同或该个别条款无效。除其他因素外，尚应考虑下列各项:(1)Apartymayavoidthecontractoranindividualtermofitif,atthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,thecontractortermunjustifiablygavetheotherpartyanexcessiveadvantage.Regardistobehad,amongotherfactors,to(a)该另一方当事人不公平地利用了对方当事人的依赖、经济困境或紧急需要，或不正当地利用了对方当事人的缺乏远见、无知、无经验或缺乏谈判技巧的事实，以及(a)thefactthattheotherpartyhastakenunfairadvantageofthefirstparty’sdependence,economicdistressorurgentneeds,orofitsimprovidence,ignorance,inexperienceorlackofbargainingskill,and(b)合同的性质和目的。(b)thenatureandpurposeofthecontract.(2)依有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人的请求,法院可以修改该合同或其条款，以使其符合公平交易的合理的商业标准。(2)Upontherequestofthepartyentitledtoavoidance,acourtmayadaptthecontractorterminordertomakeitaccordwithreasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealing.(3)依收到宣告合同无效通知的一方当事人的请求，法院亦可修改合同或其条款，只要该方当事人在收到此项通知后，且在对方当事人依据该项通知行事前，立即将其请求告知对方当事人。本章第3.13条第(2)款的规定此时应予适用。(3)Acourtmayalsoadaptthecontractortermupontherequestofthepartyreceivingnoticeofavoidance,providedthatthatpartyinformstheotherpartyofitsrequestpromptlyafterreceivingsuchnoticeandbeforetheotherpartyhasreasonablyactedinrelianceonit.TheprovisionsofArticle3.13(2)applyaccordingly.第3.11条(第三人)ARTICLE3.11(Thirdpersons)(1)如果欺诈、胁迫、重大失衡或一方当事人的错误可归因于第三人，或者该第三人知道或应当知道这些情况，而该第三人的行为由另一方当事人负责，则可按该另一方当事人本身所做行为或所知晓的相同条件，宣告该合同无效。(1)Wherefraud,threat,grossdisparityoraparty’smistakeisimputableto,orisknownoroughttobeknownby,athirdpersonforwhoseactstheotherpartyisresponsible,thecontractmaybeavoidedunderthesameconditionsasifthebehaviourorknowledgehadbeenthatofthepartyitself.(2)如果欺诈、胁迫或重大失衡可归因于第三人，而该第三人的行为不由另一方当事人负责，在该另一方当事人知道或理应知道此欺诈、胁迫或重大失衡，或在宣告合同无效时尚未按照对该合同的信赖而行事的情况下，则该合同可被宣告无效。(2)Wherefraud,threatorgrossdisparityisimputabletoathirdpersonforwhoseactstheotherpartyisnotresponsible,thecontractmaybeavoidedifthatpartykneworoughttohaveknownofthefraud,threatordisparity,orhasnotatthetimeofavoidancereasonablyactedinrelianceonthecontract.18第3.12条(确认)ARTICLE3.12(Confirmation)有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人如果在发出合同无效通知的期间开始后，又明示或默示地确认合同，则该方当事人不得再宣告合同无效。Ifthepartyentitledtoavoidthecontractexpresslyorimpliedlyconfirmsthecontractaftertheperiodoftimeforgivingnoticeofavoidancehasbeguntorun,avoidanceofthecontractisexcluded.第3.13条(丧失宣告合同无效的权利)ARTICLE3.13(Lossofrighttoavoid)(1)如果一方当事人有权因错误宣告合同无效，而另一方当事人声明他将愿意按或已按有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人对合同的理解履行合同，则该合同应视为按照该一方当事人的理解已经订立。该另一方当事人在收到有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人对合同的理解方式的通知后，而且在该一方当事人依据宣告合同无效通知合理行事之前，必须立即做出此种声明或进行此种履行。(1)Ifapartyisentitledtoavoidthecontractformistakebuttheotherpartydeclaresitselfwillingtoperformorperformsthecontractasitwasunderstoodbythepartyentitledtoavoidance,thecontractisconsideredtohavebeenconcludedasthelatterpartyunderstoodit.Theotherpartymustmakesuchadeclarationorrendersuchperformancepromptlyafterhavingbeeninformedofthemannerinwhichthepartyentitledtoavoidancehadunderstoodthecontractandbeforethatpartyhasreasonablyactedinrelianceonanoticeofavoidance.(2)在做出此种声明或履行之后，宣告合同无效的权利即行丧失，任何以前宣告合同无效的通知均丧失效力。(2)Aftersuchadeclarationorperformancetherighttoavoidanceislostandanyearliernoticeofavoidanceisineffective.第3.14条(宣告合同无效的通知)ARTICLE3.14(Noticeofavoidance)一方当事人通过向另一方当事人发出通知行使其宣告合同无效的权利。Therightofapartytoavoidthecontractisexercisedbynoticetotheotherparty.第3.15条(时间期限)ARTICLE3.15(Timelimits)(1)考虑到各种情况，宣告合同无效的通知，应在宣告合同无效的一方当事人已知或不可能不知道有关事实或者在其可以自由行事之后的一段合理时间内做出。(1)Noticeofavoidanceshallbegivenwithinareasonabletime,havingregardtothecircumstances,aftertheavoidingpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawareoftherelevantfactsorbecamecapableofactingfreely.(2)如果一方当事人根据第3.10条的规定有权宣告合同中的个别条款无效，则宣告合同无效通知的期限自另一方当事人坚持该条款之时开始。(2)WhereanindividualtermofthecontractmaybeavoidedbyapartyunderArticle3.10,theperiodoftimeforgivingnoticeofavoidancebeginstorunwhenthattermisassertedbytheotherparty.第3.16条(部分无效)ARTICLE3.16(Partialavoidance)如果宣告合同无效的理由仅影响合同的个别条款，则宣告合同无效的效力仅限于这些条款，除非考虑到各种情况，维持合同的其余部分是不合理的。Whereagroundofavoidanceaffectsonlyindividualtermsofthecontract,theeffectofavoidanceislimitedtothosetermsunless,havingregardtothecircumstances,itisunreasonabletoupholdtheremaining19contract.第3.17条(宣告合同无效的追溯力)ARTICLE3.17(Retroactiveeffectofavoidance)(1)宣告合同无效具有追溯力。(1)Avoidancetakeseffectretroactively.(2)宣告合同无效后，任何一方当事人可要求返还其依据已被宣告无效的合同或部分合同所提供的一切，但要以该方当事人也同时返还其依据已被宣告无效的合同或部分合同所得到的一切为条件，或者如虽不能返还实物，但对其所得之物给予补偿。(2)Onavoidanceeitherpartymayclaimrestitutionofwhateverithassuppliedunderthecontractorthepartofitavoided,providedthatitconcurrentlymakesrestitutionofwhateverithasreceivedunderthecontractorthepartofitavoidedor,ifitcannotmakerestitutioninkind,itmakesanallowanceforwhatithasreceived.第3.18条(损害赔偿)ARTICLE3.18(Damages)无论是否宣告合同无效，已知或理应知道合同无效理由的一方当事人应承担损害赔偿的责任，以使另一方当事人处于如同其未订立合同的地位。Irrespectiveofwhetherornotthecontracthasbeenavoided,thepartywhokneworoughttohaveknownofthegroundforavoidanceisliablefordamagessoastoputtheotherpartyinthesamepositioninwhichitwouldhavebeenifithadnotconcludedthecontract.第3.19条(本章条款的强制性)ARTICLE3.19(Mandatorycharacteroftheprovisions)本章的各项规定具有强制性，但那些有关协议的约束力、自始不能或错误的规定除外。TheprovisionsofthisChapteraremandatory,exceptinsofarastheyrelatetothebindingforceofmereagreement,initialimpossibilityormistake.第3.20条(单方声明)ARTICLE3.20(Unilateraldeclarations)本章各项规定在适当修改后，适用于一方当事人向另一方当事人传达的任何意思表示。TheprovisionsofthisChapterapplywithappropriateadaptationstoanycommunicationofintentionaddressedbyonepartytotheother.第四章合同的解释CHAPTER4—INTERPRETATION第4.1条(当事人的意思)ARTICLE4.1(Intentionoftheparties)(1)合同应根据当事人各方的共同意思予以解释。(1)Acontractshallbeinterpretedaccordingtothecommonintentionoftheparties.(2)如果该意思不能确立，合同应根据一个与各方当事人具有同等资格的、通情达理的人在处于相同情况下时，对该合同所应有的理解来解释。(2)Ifsuchanintentioncannotbeestablished,thecontractshallbeinterpretedaccordingtothemeaningthatreasonablepersonsofthesamekindasthepartieswouldgivetoitinthesamecircumstances.第4.2条(对陈述和其他行为的解释)ARTICLE4.2(Interpretationofstatementsandotherconduct)20(1)一方当事人的陈述和其他行为应根据该当事人的意思来解释，如果另一方当事人已知或不可能不知道该意思。(1)Thestatementsandotherconductofapartyshallbeinterpretedaccordingtothatparty’sintentioniftheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofthatintention.(2)如果前款不适用，上述陈述和其他行为应根据一个与另一方当事人具有同等资格的、通情达理的人在处于相同情况下时，对该合同所应有的理解来解释。(2)Iftheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,suchstatementsandotherconductshallbeinterpretedaccordingtothemeaningthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldgivetoitinthesamecircumstances.第4.3条(相关情况)ARTICLE4.3(Relevantcircumstances)适用本章第4.1条和第4.2条时，应考虑所有情况，包括:InapplyingArticles4.1and4.2,regardshallbehadtoallthecircumstances,including(a)当事人之间的初期谈判;(a)preliminarynegotiationsbetweentheparties;(b)当事人之间已确立的习惯做法;(b)practiceswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves;(c)合同订立后当事人的行为;(c)theconductofthepartiessubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract;(d)合同的性质和目的;(d)thenatureandpurposeofthecontract;(e)在所涉交易中，通常赋予合同条款和表述的含义;(e)themeaningcommonlygiventotermsandexpressionsinthetradeconcerned;(f)惯例。(f)usages.第4.4条(合同或陈述作为整体考虑)ARTICLE4.4(Referencetocontractorstatementasawhole)合同条款和表述应根据其所属的整个合同或全部陈述予以解释。Termsandexpressionsshallbeinterpretedinthelightofthewholecontractorstatementinwhichtheyappear.第4.5条(给予所有条款以效力)ARTICLE4.5(Alltermstobegiveneffect)对合同各项条款的解释应以使它们全部有效为宗旨，而不是排除其中一些条款的效力。Contracttermsshallbeinterpretedsoastogiveeffecttoallthetermsratherthantodeprivesomeofthemofeffect.第4.6条(对条款提议人不利规则)ARTICLE4.6(Contraproferentemrule)如果一方当事人所提出的合同条款含义不清，则应做出对该方当事人不利的解释。Ifcontracttermssuppliedbyonepartyareunclear,aninterpretationagainstthatpartyispreferred.第4.7条(语言差异)ARTICLE4.7(Linguisticdiscrepancies)如果合同是以两种或两种以上具有同等效力的文字起草的，若这些文本之间存在差异，应优先依据合同最初起草21的文字予以解释。Whereacontractisdrawnupintwoormorelanguageversionswhichareequallyauthoritativethereis,incaseofdiscrepancybetweentheversions,apreferencefortheinterpretationaccordingtoaversioninwhichthecontractwasoriginallydrawnup.第4.8条(补充空缺条款)ARTICLE4.8(Supplyinganomittedterm)(1)如果合同当事人各方就一项确定其权利和义务的重要条款未达成一致，应补充一项于该情况下适当的条款。(1)Wherethepartiestoacontracthavenotagreedwithrespecttoatermwhichisimportantforadeterminationoftheirrightsandduties,atermwhichisappropriateinthecircumstancesshallbesupplied.(2)在决定何为适当的条款时，除其他因素外，还应考虑以下情况:(2)Indeterminingwhatisanappropriatetermregardshallbehad,amongotherfactors,to(a)各方当事人的意思;(a)theintentionoftheparties;(b)合同的性质和目的;(b)thenatureandpurposeofthecontract;(c)诚实信用和公平交易原则;(c)goodfaithandfairdealing;(d)合理性。(d)reasonableness.第五章合同的内容与第三方权利CHAPTER5—CONTENTANDTHIRDPARTYRIGHTS第一节合同的内容SECTION1:CONTENT第5.1.1条(明示和默示的义务)ARTICLE5.1.1(Expressandimpliedobligations)各方当事人的合同义务可以是明示的，也可以是默示的。Thecontractualobligationsofthepartiesmaybeexpressorimplied.第5.1.2条(默示的义务)ARTICLE5.1.2(Impliedobligations)默示的义务源自于:Impliedobligationsstemfrom(a)合同的性质与目的;(a)thenatureandpurposeofthecontract;(b)各方当事人之间确立的习惯做法，以及惯例;(b)practicesestablishedbetweenthepartiesandusages;(c)诚实信用和公平交易原则;(c)goodfaithandfairdealing;(d)合理性。(d)reasonableness.第5.1.3条(当事人之间的合作)ARTICLE5.1.3(Co-operationbetweentheparties)每一方当事人应与另一方当事人合作，如果该一方当事人在履行其义务时，可合理地期待对方当事人提供此22类合作。Eachpartyshallcooperatewiththeotherpartywhensuchco-operationmayreasonablybeexpectedfortheperformanceofthatparty’sobligations.第5.1.4条(获得特定结果的义务和尽最大努力的义务)ARTICLE5.1.4(Dutytoachieveaspecificresult.Dutyofbestefforts)(1)如果一方当事人的义务在一定程度内涉及获得某一特定的结果，则该方当事人在该程度内有义务获得此特定结果。(1)Totheextentthatanobligationofapartyinvolvesadutytoachieveaspecificresult,thatpartyisboundtoachievethatresult.(2)如果一方当事人的义务在一定程度内涉及履行某一项活动时应尽最大的努力，则该方当事人在该程度内有义务尽一个具有同等资格的、通情达理的人在相同情况下所会付出的努力。(2)Totheextentthatanobligationofapartyinvolvesadutyofbesteffortsintheperformanceofanactivity,thatpartyisboundtomakesucheffortsaswouldbemadebyareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstances.第5.1.5条(确定所涉义务的种类)ARTICLE5.1.5(Determinationofkindofdutyinvolved)在确定一方当事人的义务在多大程度内涉及履行某一项活动时应尽最大的努力或者应获得某一特定结果时，除其他因素外，应考虑以下情况:Indeterminingtheextenttowhichanobligationofapartyinvolvesadutyofbesteffortsintheperformanceofanactivityoradutytoachieveaspecificresult,regardshallbehad,amongotherfactors,to(a)合同中表述该义务的方式;(a)thewayinwhichtheobligationisexpressedinthecontract;(b)合同的价格以及合同的其他条款;(b)thecontractualpriceandothertermsofthecontract;(c)获得预期结果时通常所涉及的风险程度;(c)thedegreeofrisknormallyinvolvedinachievingtheexpectedresult;(d)另一方当事人影响义务履行的能力。(d)theabilityoftheotherpartytoinfluencetheperformanceoftheobligation.第5.1.6条(确定履行的质量)ARTICLE5.1.6(Determinationofqualityofperformance)如果合同中既未规定而且也无法根据合同确定履行的质量，则一方当事人有义务使其履行的质量达到合理的标准，并且不得低于此情况下的平均水准。Wherethequalityofperformanceisneitherfixedby,nordeterminablefrom,thecontractapartyisboundtorenderaperformanceofaqualitythatisreasonableandnotlessthanaverageinthecircumstances.第5.1.7条(价格的确定)ARTICLE5.1.7(Pricedetermination)(1)如果合同未规定价格，也无如何确定价格的规定，在没有任何相反表示的情况下，应视为当事人各方引用在订立合同时相关贸易中可比较的情况下进行此类履行时通常收取的价格，或者，若无此价格，应为一个合理的价格。(1)Whereacontractdoesnotfixormakeprovisionfordeterminingtheprice,thepartiesareconsidered,intheabsenceofanyindicationtothecontrary,tohavemadereferencetothepricegenerallychargedatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractforsuchperformanceincomparablecircumstancesinthetradeconcernedor,ifnosuchpriceisavailable,toareasonableprice.23(2)如果合同的价格应由一方当事人确定，而且此定价又明显地不合理，则不管合同中是否有任何条款的相反规定，均应以一个合理的价格予以替代。(2)Wherethepriceistobedeterminedbyonepartyandthatdeterminationismanifestlyunreasonable,areasonablepriceshallbesubstitutednotwithstandinganycontracttermtothecontrary.(3)如果价格应由一个第三人来确定，而该第三人不能或不愿确定该价格，则应采用一个合理的价格。(3)Wherethepriceistobefixedbyathirdperson,andthatpersoncannotorwillnotdoso,thepriceshallbeareasonableprice.(4)如果确定价格需要参照的因素不存在，或已不复存在或已不可获得，则应取最相似的因素作为替代。(4)Wherethepriceistobefixedbyreferencetofactorswhichdonotexistorhaveceasedtoexistortobeaccessible,thenearestequivalentfactorshallbetreatedasasubstitute.第5.1.8条(无固定期限的合同)ARTICLE5.1.8(Contractforanindefiniteperiod)对于一个无固定期限的合同，任何一方当事人可通过在事先一段合理时间内发出通知，终止该合同。Acontractforanindefiniteperiodmaybeendedbyeitherpartybygivingnoticeareasonabletimeinadvance.第5.1.9条(通过协议放弃权利)ARTICLE5.1.9(Releasebyagreement)(1)债权人可以通过与债务人达成协议放弃其权利。(1)Anobligeemayreleaseitsrightbyagreementwiththeobligor.(2)一项无偿放弃权利的要约应视为被接受，如果债务人在知晓该要约后未毫不迟延地拒绝。(2)Anoffertoreleasearightgratuitouslyshallbedeemedacceptediftheobligordoesnotrejecttheofferwithoutdelayafterhavingbecomeawareofit.第二节第三方权利SECTION2:THIRDPARTYRIGHTS第5.2.1条(第三方受益的合同)ARTICLE5.2.1(Contractsinfavourofthirdparties)(1)合同当事人(即允诺人和受诺人)可通过明示或默示协议将权利授予第三方(即受益人)。(1)Theparties(the“promisor”andthe“promisee”)mayconferbyexpressorimpliedagreementarightonathirdparty(the“beneficiary”).(2)受益人对允诺人权利的存在以及内容，由当事人之间的协议确定，并受该协议项下的任何条件或其他限制性规定的约束。(2)Theexistenceandcontentofthebeneficiary’srightagainstthepromisoraredeterminedbytheagreementofthepartiesandaresubjecttoanyconditionsorotherlimitationsundertheagreement.第5.2.2条(可确定的第三方)ARTICLE5.2.2(Thirdpartyidentifiable)根据合同，受益人必须能够充分明确地加以确定，但其不必须在订立合同时就存在。Thebeneficiarymustbeidentifiablewithadequatecertaintybythecontractbutneednotbeinexistenceatthetimethecontractismade.第5.2.3条(排除和限制条款)ARTICLE5.2.3(Exclusionandlimitationclauses)授与受益人的权利，包括受益人援引合同中排除或限制其责任的条款的权利。Theconfermentofrightsinthebeneficiaryincludestherighttoinvokeaclauseinthecontractwhich24excludesorlimitstheliabilityofthebeneficiary.第5.2.4条(抗辩)ARTICLE5.2.4(Defences)允诺人可以向受益人主张其可以向受诺人主张的所有抗辩。Thepromisormayassertagainstthebeneficiaryalldefenceswhichthepromisorcouldassertagainstthepromisee.第5.2.5条(撤销)ARTICLE5.2.5(Revocation)在受益人接受该权利或已依赖该权利合理行事之前，合同当事人可以修改或者撤销其通过合同授予受益人的权利。Thepartiesmaymodifyorrevoketherightsconferredbythecontractonthebeneficiaryuntilthebeneficiaryhasacceptedthemorreasonablyactedinrelianceonthem.第5.2.6条(放弃权利)ARTICLE5.2.6(Renunciation)受益人可以放弃被授与的权利。Thebeneficiarymayrenouncearightconferredonit.第六章履行CHAPTER6—PERFORMANCE第一节履行的一般规定SECTION1:PERFORMANCEINGENERAL第6.1.1条(履行时间)ARTICLE6.1.1(Timeofperformance)一方当事人必须在下列时间履行其合同义务:Apartymustperformitsobligations:(a)如果合同规定了时间，或者依合同可确定时间，则为此时间;(a)ifatimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atthattime;(b)如果合同规定了或依合同可确定一段时间，则为此段期间内的任何时间，除非情况表明履行时间应由另一方当事人选择;(b)ifaperiodoftimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atanytimewithinthatperiodunlesscircumstancesindicatethattheotherpartyistochooseatime;(c)在其他任何情况下，则在合同订立后的一段合理时间之内。(c)inanyothercase,withinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontract.第6.1.2条(一次或分期履行)ARTICLE6.1.2(Performanceatonetimeorininstalments)在属于本章第6.1.1条(b)项或(c)项的情况下，如果合同义务能一次完成履行，并且情况未有另外的表明，则当事人必须一次履行其全部合同义务。IncasesunderArticle6.1.1(b)or(c),apartymustperformitsobligationsatonetimeifthatperformancecanberenderedatonetimeandthecircumstancesdonotindicateotherwise.第6.1.3条(部分履行)ARTICLE6.1.3(Partialperformance)(1)履行期限到来时，债权人有权拒绝任何部分履行的请求，无论该请求是否附有对未履行部分的担保，除非25债权人这样作无合法利益;(1)Theobligeemayrejectanoffertoperforminpartatthetimeperformanceisdue,whetherornotsuchofferiscoupledwithanassuranceastothebalanceoftheperformance,unlesstheobligeehasnolegitimateinterestinsodoing.(2)因部分履行给债权人带来的额外费用应由债务人承担，并且不得损害任何其他救济。(2)Additionalexpensescausedtotheobligeebypartialperformancearetobebornebytheobligorwithoutprejudicetoanyotherremedy.第6.1.4条(履行顺序)ARTICLE6.1.4(Orderofperformance)(1)在合同当事人能够同时履行的限度内，则双方当事人应同时履行其合同义务，除非情况有相反的表示。(1)Totheextentthattheperformancesofthepartiescanberenderedsimultaneously,thepartiesareboundtorenderthemsimultaneouslyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.(2)在仅有一方当事人需要在一段时间内履行的限度内，则该方当事人应先行履行其义务，除非情况有相反的表示。(2)Totheextentthattheperformanceofonlyonepartyrequiresaperiodoftime,thatpartyisboundtorenderitsperformancefirst,unlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.第6.1.5条(提前履行)ARTICLE6.1.5(Earlierperformance)(1)债权人可拒绝接受提前履行，除非债权人这样做无合法利益。(1)Theobligeemayrejectanearlierperformanceunlessithasnolegitimateinterestinsodoing.(2)一方当事人接受提前履行并不影响其履行自己义务的时间，如果该履行时间已经确定，而不管另一方当事人义务的履行。(2)Acceptancebyapartyofanearlierperformancedoesnotaffectthetimefortheperformanceofitsownobligationsifthattimehasbeenfixedirrespectiveoftheperformanceoftheotherparty’sobligations.(3)因提前履行给债权人带来的额外费用应由债务人承担，并且不得损害其他任何救济。(3)Additionalexpensescausedtotheobligeebyearlierperformancearetobebornebytheobligor,withoutprejudicetoanyotherremedy.第6.1.6条(履行地)ARTICLE6.1.6(Placeofperformance)(1)如果合同中既未规定履行地，或者依据合同也无法确定履行地，则应按下述地点履行:(1)Iftheplaceofperformanceisneitherfixedby,nordeterminablefrom,thecontract,apartyistoperform:(a)金钱债务，在债权人的营业地;(a)amonetaryobligation,attheobligee’splaceofbusiness;(b)任何其它义务，在债务人自己的营业地。(b)anyotherobligation,atitsownplaceofbusiness.(2)当事人应承担在合同订立后因其营业地的改变而给履行增加的费用。(2)Apartymustbearanyincreaseintheexpensesincidentaltoperformancewhichiscausedbyachangeinitsplaceofbusinesssubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract.第6.1.7条(以支票或其他票据付款)ARTICLE6.1.7(Paymentbychequeorotherinstrument)(1)付款可以采用在付款地正常商业做法中所使用的任何形式做出。(1)Paymentmaybemadeinanyformusedintheordinarycourseofbusinessattheplaceforpayment.(2)但是，债权人无论是根据第(1)款的规定还是自愿地接受支票、其他付款命令或付款承诺，均推定该接受是26以这些票据能够获得支付为条件。(2)However,anobligeewhoaccepts,eitherbyvirtueofparagraph(1)orvoluntarily,acheque,anyotherordertopayorapromisetopay,ispresumedtodosoonlyonconditionthatitwillbehonoured.第6.1.8条(转账支付)ARTICLE6.1.8(Paymentbyfundstransfer)(1)除非债权人已指定特定账户，付款可以通过将款项转至债权人已告知其设有账户的任何金融机构进行。(1)Unlesstheobligeehasindicatedaparticularaccount,paymentmaybemadebyatransfertoanyofthefinancialinstitutionsinwhichtheobligeehasmadeitknownthatithasanaccount.(2)在采用转账支付的情况下，债务人的义务在款项有效转至债权人的金融机构时解除。(2)Incaseofpaymentbyatransfertheobligationoftheobligorisdischargedwhenthetransfertotheobligee’sfinancialinstitutionbecomeseffective.第6.1.9条(付款货币)ARTICLE6.1.9(Currencyofpayment)(1)如果金钱债务是以非付款地的货币表示的，则债务人可以用付款地之货币支付，除非:(1)Ifamonetaryobligationisexpressedinacurrencyotherthanthatoftheplaceforpayment,itmaybepaidbytheobligorinthecurrencyoftheplaceforpaymentunless(a)那种货币不能自由兑换;或者(a)thatcurrencyisnotfreelyconvertible;or(b)当事人各方约定只能以表示金钱债务的货币进行支付。(b)thepartieshaveagreedthatpaymentshouldbemadeonlyinthecurrencyinwhichthemonetaryobligationisexpressed.(2)如果债务人不可能以表示金钱债务的货币支付，则债权人可要求以付款地的货币支付，即便属第(1)款(b)项规定的情况亦可如此要求。(2)Ifitisimpossiblefortheobligortomakepaymentinthecurrencyinwhichthemonetaryobligationisexpressed,theobligeemayrequirepaymentinthecurrencyoftheplaceforpayment,eveninthecasereferredtoinparagraph(1)(b).(3)以付款地的货币支付时，应按照付款义务到期时付款地适用的通行汇率支付。(3)Paymentinthecurrencyoftheplaceforpaymentistobemadeaccordingtotheapplicablerateofexchangeprevailingtherewhenpaymentisdue.(4)但是，如果债务人在付款到期时未支付款项，则债权人既可要求债务人根据付款义务到期时或实际付款时所适用的通行汇率进行支付。(4)However,iftheobligorhasnotpaidatthetimewhenpaymentisdue,theobligeemayrequirepaymentaccordingtotheapplicablerateofexchangeprevailingeitherwhenpaymentisdueoratthetimeofactualpayment.第6.1.10条(未规定货币)ARTICLE6.1.10(Currencynotexpressed)如果一项金钱债务未以某一具体货币作表示，则付款应以付款地的货币进行支付。Whereamonetaryobligationisnotexpressedinaparticularcurrency,paymentmustbemadeinthecurrencyoftheplacewherepaymentistobemade.第6.1.11条(履行费用)ARTICLE6.1.11(Costsofperformance)每一方当事人应承担其履行义务时所发生的费用。Eachpartyshallbearthecostsofperformanceofitsobligations.27第6.1.12条(指定清偿)ARTICLE6.1.12(Imputationofpayments)(1)对同一债权人负有多项金钱债务的债务人，可在付款时指定该款项用以偿还的债务。但是，该款项应首先偿付任何费用，其次为应付利息，最后为本金。(1)Anobligorowingseveralmonetaryobligationstothesameobligeemayspecifyatthetimeofpaymentthedebttowhichitintendsthepaymenttobeapplied.However,thepaymentdischargesfirstanyexpenses,theninterestdueandfinallytheprincipal.(2)如果债务人未加指定，则债权人可在获得支付后的合理时间内向债务人声明该款项用以偿还的债务，但是该项债务必须是到期的，并且是无争议的。(2)Iftheobligormakesnosuchspecification,theobligeemay,withinareasonabletimeafterpayment,declaretotheobligortheobligationtowhichitimputesthepayment,providedthattheobligationisdueandundisputed.(3)如果根据第(1)款或第(2)款的规定无法确定清偿对象，则付款应按下列标准之一及指明的顺序偿还债务:(3)Intheabsenceofimputationunderparagraphs(1)or(2)paymentisimputedtothatobligationwhichsatisfiesoneofthefollowingcriteriaintheorderindicated:(a)到期之债务，或者首先到期之债务;(a)anobligationwhichisdueorwhichisthefirsttofalldue;(b)债权人享有最少担保之债务;(b)theobligationforwhichtheobligeehasleastsecurity;(c)对债务人属于负担最重之债务;或者(c)theobligationwhichisthemostburdensomefortheobligor;(d)最先发生之债务。(d)theobligationwhichhasarisenfirst.若以上标准均不适用，则按比例用以清偿各项债务。Ifnoneoftheprecedingcriteriaapplies,paymentisimputedtoalltheobligationsproportionally.第6.1.13条(非金钱债务的指定清偿)ARTICLE6.1.13(Imputationofnon-monetaryobligations)本章第6.1.12条的规定经适当修改后适用于非金钱债务的指定履行。Article6.1.12applieswithappropriateadaptationstotheimputationofperformanceofnon-monetaryobligations.第6.1.14条(申请公共许可)ARTICLE6.1.14(Applicationforpublicpermission)若一国法律所要求的公共许可影响到合同的效力或其履行，并且该法律或有关情况都无其他表明，则WherethelawofaStaterequiresapublicpermissionaffectingthevalidityofthecontractoritsperformanceandneitherthatlawnorthecircumstancesindicateotherwise(a)如果只有一方当事人的营业地在该国，则该方当事人应采取必要的措施以取得该许可;(a)ifonlyonepartyhasitsplaceofbusinessinthatState,thatpartyshalltakethemeasuresnecessarytoobtainthepermission;(b)在任何其他情况下，履行须经许可的那一方当事人应当采取必要的措施。(b)inanyothercasethepartywhoseperformancerequirespermissionshalltakethenecessarymeasures.第6.1.15条(申请许可的程序)ARTICLE6.1.15(Procedureinapplyingforpermission)28(1)有义务采取必要措施以取得许可的当事人，应毫不迟延地如此行事，并应该承担由此产生的一切费用。(1)Thepartyrequiredtotakethemeasuresnecessarytoobtainthepermissionshalldosowithoutunduedelayandshallbearanyexpensesincurred.(2)该方当事人应在任何适当的时候，毫不迟延地向另一方当事人发出该许可已获批准或遭到拒绝的通知。(2)Thatpartyshallwheneverappropriategivetheotherpartynoticeofthegrantorrefusalofsuchpermissionwithoutunduedelay.第6.1.16条(许可既未获批准又未遭拒绝)ARTICLE6.1.16(Permissionneithergrantednorrefused)(1)尽管有义务的当事人采取了所有必要的措施，如果在约定的期间之内，或若无此约定，则在合同订立后的合理时间之内，许可申请既未获得批准又未遭到拒绝，则任何一方当事人均有权终止该合同。(1)If,notwithstandingthefactthatthepartyresponsiblehastakenallmeasuresrequired,permissionisneithergrantednorrefusedwithinanagreedperiodor,wherenoperiodhasbeenagreed,withinareasonabletimefromtheconclusionofthecontract,eitherpartyisentitledtoterminatethecontract.(2)当许可仅影响合同的某些条款时，如果维持合同的其余部分是合理的，即便许可遭到拒绝，也不适用上述第(1)款。(2)Wherethepermissionaffectssometermsonly,paragraph(1)doesnotapplyif,havingregardtothecircumstances,itisreasonabletoupholdtheremainingcontractevenifthepermissionisrefused.第6.1.17条(拒绝许可)ARTICLE6.1.17(Permissionrefused)(1)当拒绝许可影响合同的效力时，则该拒绝导致合同无效。如果拒绝许可只影响合同部分条款的效力，则仅该部分条款无效，如果考虑到各种情况维持合同的其余部分是合理的。(1)Therefusalofapermissionaffectingthevalidityofthecontractrendersthecontractvoid.Iftherefusalaffectsthevalidityofsometermsonly,onlysuchtermsarevoidif,havingregardtothecircumstances,itisreasonabletoupholdtheremainingcontract.(2)当拒绝许可导致合同的全部或部分履行不可能时，适用有关不履行的规定。(2)Wheretherefusalofapermissionrenderstheperformanceofthecontractimpossibleinwholeorinpart,therulesonnon-performanceapply.第二节:艰难情形SECTION2:HARDSHIP第6.2.1条(合同必须遵守)ARTICLE6.2.1(Contracttobeobserved)如果合同的履行使一方当事人变得负担加重，该方当事人仍应履行其义务，但属于下列艰难情形规定的除外。Wheretheperformanceofacontractbecomesmoreonerousforoneoftheparties,thatpartyisneverthelessboundtoperformitsobligationssubjecttothefollowingprovisionsonhardship.第6.2.2条(艰难情形的定义)ARTICLE6.2.2(Definitionofhardship)所谓艰难情形，是指发生的事件使得一方当事人履约成本增加或者一方当事人所获履约的价值减少，因而根本改变了合同均衡，并且Thereishardshipwheretheoccurrenceofeventsfundamentallyalterstheequilibriumofthecontracteitherbecausethecostofaparty’sperformancehasincreasedorbecausethevalueoftheperformanceapartyreceiveshasdiminished,and(a)该事件的发生或为处于不利地位的当事人知道事件的发生在合同订立之后;29(a)theeventsoccurorbecomeknowntothedisadvantagedpartyaftertheconclusionofthecontract;(b)处于不利地位的当事人在订立合同时不能合理地预见事件的发生;(b)theeventscouldnotreasonablyhavebeentakenintoaccountbythedisadvantagedpartyatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract;(c)事件不能为处于不利地位的当事人所控制;而且(c)theeventsarebeyondthecontrolofthedisadvantagedparty;and(d)事件的风险不由处于不利地位的当事人承担。(d)theriskoftheeventswasnotassumedbythedisadvantagedparty.第6.2.3条(艰难情形的后果)ARTICLE6.2.3(Effectsofhardship)(1)若出现艰难情形，处于不利地位的当事人有权要求重新谈判。但是，提出此要求应毫不迟延地，而且说明提出该要求的理由。(1)Incaseofhardshipthedisadvantagedpartyisentitledtorequestrenegotiations.Therequestshallbemadewithoutunduedelayandshallindicatethegroundsonwhichitisbased.(2)重新谈判的要求本身并不能使处于不利地位的当事人有权停止履约。(2)Therequestforrenegotiationdoesnotinitselfentitlethedisadvantagedpartytowithholdperformance.(3)在合理时间内不能达成协议时，任何一方当事人均可诉诸法院。(3)Uponfailuretoreachagreementwithinareasonabletimeeitherpartymayresorttothecourt.(4)如果法院认定存在艰难情形，只要合理，法院可以:(4)Ifthecourtfindshardshipitmay,ifreasonable,(a)在确定的日期并按确定的条件终止合同，或者(a)terminatethecontractatadateandontermstobefixed,or(b)为恢复合同的均衡而修改合同。(b)adaptthecontractwithaviewtorestoringitsequilibrium.第七章不履行CHAPTER7—NON-PERFORMANCE第一节不履行的一般规定SECTION1:NON-PERFORMANCEINGENERAL第7.1.1条(不履行的定义)ARTICLE7.1.1(Non-performancedefined)不履行是指一方当事人未能履行其合同项下的任何一项义务，包括瑕疵履行和迟延履行。Non-performanceisfailurebyapartytoperformanyofitsobligationsunderthecontract,includingdefectiveperformanceorlateperformance.第7.1.2条(另一方当事人的干预)ARTICLE7.1.2(Interferencebytheotherparty)一方当事人不得依赖另一方当事人的不履行，如果该不履行是在由前者的作为或不作为或由其承担风险的其他事件所致的范围内。Apartymaynotrelyonthenon-performanceoftheotherpartytotheextentthatsuchnon-performancewascausedbythefirstparty’sactoromissionorbyanothereventastowhichthefirstpartybearstherisk.第7.1.3条(停止履行)ARTICLE7.1.3(Withholdingperformance)(1)当事人各方应同时履行合同义务的，任何一方当事人可在另一方当事人提供履行前停止履行。(1)Wherethepartiesaretoperformsimultaneously,eitherpartymaywithholdperformanceuntiltheother30partytendersitsperformance.(2)当事人各方应相继履行合同义务的，后履行的一方当事人可在应先予履行的一方当事人完成履行之前停止履行。(2)Wherethepartiesaretoperformconsecutively,thepartythatistoperformlatermaywithholditsperformanceuntilthefirstpartyhasperformed.第7.1.4条(不履行方的补救)ARTICLE7.1.4(Curebynon-performingparty)(1)不履行一方当事人可自己承担费用对其不履行进行补救，但须符合下述条件:(1)Thenon-performingpartymay,atitsownexpense,cureanynonperformance,providedthat(a)该方当事人毫不迟延地通知另一方当事人其拟进行补救的方式和时间;(a)withoutunduedelay,itgivesnoticeindicatingtheproposedmannerandtimingofthecure;(b)该补救在当时情况下是适当的;(b)cureisappropriateinthecircumstances;(c)受损害方对于拒绝补救无合法利益;并且(c)theaggrievedpartyhasnolegitimateinterestinrefusingcure;and(d)补救是立即进行的。(d)cureiseffectedpromptly.(2)补救的权利并不因终止合同的通知被排除。(2)Therighttocureisnotprecludedbynoticeoftermination.(3)在收到有效的补救通知后，受损害方所享有的与不履行方的履行行为不一致的权利应予中止，直至补救期限届满。(3)Uponeffectivenoticeofcure,rightsoftheaggrievedpartythatareinconsistentwiththenon-performingparty’sperformancearesuspendeduntilthetimeforcurehasexpired.(4)受损害方在补救期间有权停止履行。(4)Theaggrievedpartymaywithholdperformancependingcure.(5)尽管进行补救，受损害方仍保留对迟延以及因补救所造成的、或补救未能阻止的损害要求损害赔偿的权利。(5)Notwithstandingcure,theaggrievedpartyretainstherighttoclaimdamagesfordelayaswellasforanyharmcausedornotpreventedbythecure.第7.1.5条(履行的额外期间)ARTICLE7.1.5(Additionalperiodforperformance)(1)在出现不履行的情况下，受损害方可通知另一方当事人，允许其有一段额外期间履行义务。(1)Inacaseofnon-performancetheaggrievedpartymaybynoticetotheotherpartyallowanadditionalperiodoftimeforperformance.(2)在此额外期间内，受损害方可停止履行其对应的义务，并且可要求损害赔偿，但不得采取任何其他救济手段。如果受损害方收到另一方当事人在此额外期间内将不会履行的通知，或者，在此额外期间届满时另一方当事人仍未完成对其义务的履行，则受损害方可采取本章所规定的任何救济手段。(2)Duringtheadditionalperiodtheaggrievedpartymaywithholdperformanceofitsownreciprocalobligationsandmayclaimdamagesbutmaynotresorttoanyotherremedy.Ifitreceivesnoticefromtheotherpartythatthelatterwillnotperformwithinthatperiod,orifuponexpiryofthatperioddueperformancehasnotbeenmade,theaggrievedpartymayresorttoanyoftheremediesthatmaybeavailableunderthisChapter.(3)在不属根本性的延迟履行的情况下，如果受损害方已发出通知，给予不履行方一段合理的额外期间履行其义务，则受损害方在该段期间届满时可终止合同。如果所允许的额外期间的长度不合理，则应延长至合理的长度。受损害方可在其通知中规定，如果另一方当事人在此额外期间内仍不履行其义务，合同应自动终止。(3)Whereinacaseofdelayinperformancewhichisnotfundamentaltheaggrievedpartyhasgivennotice31allowinganadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelength,itmayterminatethecontractattheendofthatperiod.Iftheadditionalperiodallowedisnotofreasonablelengthitshallbeextendedtoareasonablelength.Theaggrievedpartymayinitsnoticeprovidethatiftheotherpartyfailstoperformwithintheperiodallowedbythenoticethecontractshallautomaticallyterminate.(4)如果未履行的义务只是不履行方合同义务中的一项轻微义务，则本条第(3)款不适用。(4)Paragraph(3)doesnotapplywheretheobligationwhichhasnotbeenperformedisonlyaminorpartofthecontractualobligationofthenon-performingparty.第7.1.6条(免责条款)ARTICLE7.1.6(Exemptionclauses)若一项条款限制或排除一方当事人对不履行合同义务的责任，或者允许一方当事人的履行可与另一方当事人的合理期待有实质差异，在考虑到合同的目的的情况下，如援引该条款明显不公平，则不得援引该条款。Aclausewhichlimitsorexcludesoneparty’sliabilityfornon-performanceorwhichpermitsonepartytorenderperformancesubstantiallydifferentfromwhattheotherpartyreasonablyexpectedmaynotbeinvokedifitwouldbegrosslyunfairtodoso,havingregardtothepurposeofthecontract.第7.1.7条(不可抗力)ARTICLE7.1.7(Forcemajeure)(1)若不履行的一方当事人证明，其不履行是由于非他所能控制的障碍所致，而且在合同订立之时该方当事人无法合理地预见，或不能合理地避免或克服该障碍及其后果，则不履行方应予免责。(1)Non-performancebyapartyisexcusedifthatpartyprovesthatthenonperformancewasduetoanimpedimentbeyonditscontrolandthatitcouldnotreasonablybeexpectedtohavetakentheimpedimentintoaccountatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractortohaveavoidedorovercomeitoritsconsequences.(2)若障碍只是暂时的，则在考虑到这种障碍对合同履行影响的情况下，免责只在一段合理的期间内具有效力。(2)Whentheimpedimentisonlytemporary,theexcuseshallhaveeffectforsuchperiodasisreasonablehavingregardtotheeffectoftheimpedimentontheperformanceofthecontract.(3)未能履行义务的一方当事人必须将障碍及对其履约能力的影响通知另一方当事人。若另一方当事人在未履行方知道或应当知道该障碍后的一段合理时间内没有收到通知，则未履行方应对另一方当事人因未收到通知而导致的损害负赔偿责任。(3)Thepartywhofailstoperformmustgivenoticetotheotherpartyoftheimpedimentanditseffectonitsabilitytoperform.Ifthenoticeisnotreceivedbytheotherpartywithinareasonabletimeafterthepartywhofailstoperformkneworoughttohaveknownoftheimpediment,itisliablefordamagesresultingfromsuchnonreceipt.(4)本条并不妨碍一方当事人行使终止合同、停止履行或对到期应付款项要求支付利息的权利。(4)Nothinginthisarticlepreventsapartyfromexercisingarighttoterminatethecontractortowithholdperformanceorrequestinterestonmoneydue.第二节要求履行的权利SECTION2:RIGHTTOPERFORMANCE第7.2.1条(金钱债务的履行)ARTICLE7.2.1(Performanceofmonetaryobligation)如果有义务付款的一方当事人未履行其付款义务，则另一方当事人可以要求付款。Whereapartywhoisobligedtopaymoneydoesnotdoso,theotherpartymayrequirepayment.第7.2.2条(非金钱债务的履行)32ARTICLE7.2.2(Performanceofnon-monetaryobligation)如果一方当事人未履行其不属支付金钱的债务，另一方当事人可要求履行，除非:Whereapartywhoowesanobligationotherthanonetopaymoneydoesnotperform,theotherpartymayrequireperformance,unless(a)履行在法律上或事实上不可能;(a)performanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact;(b)履行或相关的执行带来不合理的负担或费用;(b)performanceor,whererelevant,enforcementisunreasonablyburdensomeorexpensive;(c)有权要求履行的一方当事人可以合理地从其他渠道获得履行;(c)thepartyentitledtoperformancemayreasonablyobtainperformancefromanothersource;(d)履行完全属于人身性质;或者(d)performanceisofanexclusivelypersonalcharacter;or(e)有权要求履行的一方当事人在已经知道或应当知道该不履行后的一段合理时间内未要求履行。(e)thepartyentitledtoperformancedoesnotrequireperformancewithinareasonabletimeafterithas,oroughttohave,becomeawareofthenon-performance.第7.2.3条(对瑕疵履行的修补和替换)ARTICLE7.2.3(Repairandreplacementofdefectiveperformance)要求履行的权利，在适当的情况下，包括对瑕疵履行要求修补、替换或其他补救的权利。这里也适用第7.2.1条和第7.2.2条的规定。Therighttoperformanceincludesinappropriatecasestherighttorequirerepair,replacement,orothercureofdefectiveperformance.TheprovisionsofArticles7.2.1and7.2.2applyaccordingly.第7.2.4条(法院判决的罚金)ARTICLE7.2.4(Judicialpenalty)(1)当法院判决一方当事人履行义务时，若该方当事人不执行该判决，法院还可责令其支付罚金。(1)Wherethecourtordersapartytoperform,itmayalsodirectthatthispartypayapenaltyifitdoesnotcomplywiththeorder.(2)罚金应支付给受损害方，除非法院地的强制性法规另有规定，向受损害方支付罚金并不排除其任何要求损害赔偿的主张权。(2)Thepenaltyshallbepaidtotheaggrievedpartyunlessmandatoryprovisionsofthelawoftheforumprovideotherwise.Paymentofthepenaltytotheaggrievedpartydoesnotexcludeanyclaimfordamages.第7.2.5条(救济的变更)ARTICLE7.2.5(Changeofremedy)(1)要求履行非金钱债务的受损害方，在规定的期限内或若无此规定在一段合理的时间内，未获得履行，则该方当事人可诉诸任何其他的救济手段。(1)Anaggrievedpartywhohasrequiredperformanceofanon-monetaryobligationandwhohasnotreceivedperformancewithinaperiodfixedorotherwisewithinareasonableperiodoftimemayinvokeanyotherremedy.(2)当对于履行非金钱债务的法院判决不能得到执行时，受损害方可诉诸任何其他的救济手段。(2)Wherethedecisionofacourtforperformanceofanon-monetaryobligationcannotbeenforced,theaggrievedpartymayinvokeanyotherremedy.第三节合同的终止SECTION3:TERMINATION第7.3.1条(终止合同的权利)33ARTICLE7.3.1(Righttoterminatethecontract)(1)合同一方当事人可终止合同，如果另一方当事人未履行其合同项下的某项义务构成对合同的根本不履行。(1)Apartymayterminatethecontractwherethefailureoftheotherpartytoperformanobligationunderthecontractamountstoafundamentalnon-performance.(2)在确定不履行某项义务是否构成根本不履行时，应特别考虑是否存在以下情况:(2)Indeterminingwhetherafailuretoperformanobligationamountstoafundamentalnon-performanceregardshallbehad,inparticular,towhether(a)不履行从实质上剥夺了受损害方根据合同有权期待的利益，除非另一方当事人并未预见也不可能合理地预见到此结果;(a)thenon-performancesubstantiallydeprivestheaggrievedpartyofwhatitwasentitledtoexpectunderthecontractunlesstheotherpartydidnotforeseeandcouldnotreasonablyhaveforeseensuchresult;(b)对未履行义务的严格遵守是合同项下的实质内容;(b)strictcompliancewiththeobligationwhichhasnotbeenperformedisofessenceunderthecontract;(c)不履行是有意所致还是疏忽所致;(c)thenon-performanceisintentionalorreckless;(d)不履行使受损害方有理由相信，他不能信赖另一方当事人的未来履行;(d)thenon-performancegivestheaggrievedpartyreasontobelievethatitcannotrelyontheotherparty’sfutureperformance;(e)若合同被终止，不履行方将因已准备或已履行而蒙受不相称的损失。(e)thenon-performingpartywillsufferdisproportionatelossasaresultofthepreparationorperformanceifthecontractisterminated.(3)在迟延履行的情况下，如果另一方当事人未在第7.1.5条允许的额外期间届满前履行合同，受损害方亦可终止合同。(3)InthecaseofdelaytheaggrievedpartymayalsoterminatethecontractiftheotherpartyfailstoperformbeforethetimealloweditunderArticle7.1.5hasexpired.第7.3.2条(终止通知)ARTICLE7.3.2(Noticeoftermination)(1)一方当事人终止合同的权利通过向另一方当事人发出通知来行使。(1)Therightofapartytoterminatethecontractisexercisedbynoticetotheotherparty.(2)若属迟延履行或履行与合同不符，受损害方将丧失终止合同的权利，除非他在已经知道或理应知道迟延履行或不符履行后一段合理时间内通知另一方当事人。(2)Ifperformancehasbeenofferedlateorotherwisedoesnotconformtothecontracttheaggrievedpartywillloseitsrighttoterminatethecontractunlessitgivesnoticetotheotherpartywithinareasonabletimeafterithasoroughttohavebecomeawareoftheofferorofthenon-conformingperformance.第7.3.3条(预期不履行)ARTICLE7.3.3(Anticipatorynon-performance)如果在一方当事人履行合同日期之前，情况表明该方当事人将根本不履行其合同义务，则另一方当事人可终止合同。Wherepriortothedateforperformancebyoneofthepartiesitisclearthattherewillbeafundamentalnon-performancebythatparty,theotherpartymayterminatethecontract.第7.3.4条(如约履行的充分保证)ARTICLE7.3.4(Adequateassuranceofdueperformance)一方当事人如果有理由相信另一方当事人将根本不履行，可要求其对如约履行提供充分保证，并可同时停止履行其自己的合同义务。若在合理时间内不能提供这种保证，则要求提供保证的一方当事人可终止合同。34Apartywhoreasonablybelievesthattherewillbeafundamentalnon-performancebytheotherpartymaydemandadequateassuranceofdueperformanceandmaymeanwhilewithholditsownperformance.Wherethisassuranceisnotprovidedwithinareasonabletimethepartydemandingitmayterminatethecontract.第7.3.5条(终止合同的一般效果)ARTICLE7.3.5(Effectsofterminationingeneral)(1)合同的终止解除双方当事人履行和接受未来履行的义务。(1)Terminationofthecontractreleasesbothpartiesfromtheirobligationtoeffectandtoreceivefutureperformance.(2)终止并不排除对不履行要求损害赔偿的权利。(2)Terminationdoesnotprecludeaclaimfordamagesfornon-performance.(3)终止并不影响合同中关于解决争议的任何规定，或者甚至在合同终止后仍应执行的其他合同条款。(3)Terminationdoesnotaffectanyprovisioninthecontractforthesettlementofdisputesoranyothertermofthecontractwhichistooperateevenaftertermination.第7.3.6条(恢复原状)ARTICLE7.3.6(Restitution)(1)终止合同时，任何一方当事人可主张返还他所提供的一切，但是要以该方同时亦返还他所收到的一切为条件。如果实物返还不可能或不适当，只要合理，应以金钱予以补偿。(1)Onterminationofthecontracteitherpartymayclaimrestitutionofwhateverithassupplied,providedthatsuchpartyconcurrentlymakesrestitutionofwhateverithasreceived.Ifrestitutioninkindisnotpossibleorappropriateallowanceshouldbemadeinmoneywheneverreasonable.(2)但是若合同的履行已持续了一段时间，并且合同是可分割的，则只能对合同终止生效后的那段期间的履行请求此类恢复原状。(2)However,ifperformanceofthecontracthasextendedoveraperiodoftimeandthecontractisdivisible,suchrestitutioncanonlybeclaimedfortheperiodafterterminationhastakeneffect.第四节损害赔偿SECTION4:DAMAGES第7.4.1条(损害赔偿的权利)ARTICLE7.4.1(Righttodamages)任何不履行均使受损害方取得损害赔偿请求权，该权利既可以单独行使，也可以和任何其他救济手段一并行使，但该不履行根据本通则属可以免责的除外。Anynon-performancegivestheaggrievedpartyarighttodamageseitherexclusivelyorinconjunctionwithanyotherremediesexceptwherethenon-performanceisexcusedunderthesePrinciples.第7.4.2条(赔偿)ARTICLE7.4.2(Fullcompensation)(1)受损害方对由于不履行而遭受的损害有权得到完全赔偿。该损害既包括该方当事人遭受的任何损失，也包括其被剥夺的任何收益，但应当考虑到受损害方因避免发生的成本或损害而得到的任何收益。(1)Theaggrievedpartyisentitledtofullcompensationforharmsustainedasaresultofthenon-performance.Suchharmincludesbothanylosswhichitsufferedandanygainofwhichitwasdeprived,takingintoaccountanygaintotheaggrievedpartyresultingfromitsavoidanceofcostorharm.(2)此损害可以是非金钱性质的，并且包括例如肉体或精神上的痛苦。(2)Suchharmmaybenon-pecuniaryandincludes,forinstance,physicalsufferingoremotionaldistress.35第7.4.3条(损害的确定)ARTICLE7.4.3(Certaintyofharm)(1)赔偿仅适用于根据合理的确定性程度而证实的损害，包括未来损害。(1)Compensationisdueonlyforharm,includingfutureharm,thatisestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertainty.(2)对机会损失的赔偿可根据机会发生的可能性程度来确定。(2)Compensationmaybedueforthelossofachanceinproportiontotheprobabilityofitsoccurrence.(3)凡不能以充分确定性程度来确定损害赔偿的金额，赔偿金额的确定取决于法院的自由裁量权。(3)Wheretheamountofdamagescannotbeestablishedwithasufficientdegreeofcertainty,theassessmentisatthediscretionofthecourt.第7.4.4条(损害的可预见性)ARTICLE7.4.4(Foreseeabilityofharm)不履行方仅对在订立合同时他已经预见到的或应当合理预见到的、因其不履行可能产生的损害承担责任。Thenon-performingpartyisliableonlyforharmwhichitforesaworcouldreasonablyhaveforeseenatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractasbeinglikelytoresultfromitsnon-performance.第7.4.5条(存在替代交易情况时的损害证明)ARTICLE7.4.5(Proofofharmincaseofreplacementtransaction)在受损害方已终止合同并在合理时间内以合理方式进行了替代交易的情况下，该方当事人可对原合同价格与替代交易价格之间的差额以及任何进一步的损害要求赔偿。Wheretheaggrievedpartyhasterminatedthecontractandhasmadeareplacementtransactionwithinareasonabletimeandinareasonablemanneritmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceofthereplacementtransactionaswellasdamagesforanyfurtherharm.第7.4.6条(依时价确定损害的证明)ARTICLE7.4.6(Proofofharmbycurrentprice)(1)在受损害方已终止合同但未进行替代交易的情况下，如果对于合同约定的履行存在时价，则该方当事人可对合同价格与合同终止时的时价之间的差额以及任何进一步的损害要求赔偿。(1)Wheretheaggrievedpartyhasterminatedthecontractandhasnotmadeareplacementtransactionbutthereisacurrentpricefortheperformancecontractedfor,itmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepricecurrentatthetimethecontractisterminatedaswellasdamagesforanyfurtherharm.(2)时价是指在合同应当履行的地点，对应交付之货物或应提供之服务在可比情况下通常所收取的价格，或者如果该地无时价，时价为可合理参照的另一地的时价。(2)Currentpriceisthepricegenerallychargedforgoodsdeliveredorservicesrenderedincomparablecircumstancesattheplacewherethecontractshouldhavebeenperformedor,ifthereisnocurrentpriceatthatplace,thecurrentpriceatsuchotherplacethatappearsreasonabletotakeasareference.第7.4.7条(部分归咎于受损害方的损害)ARTICLE7.4.7(Harmdueinparttoaggrievedparty)如果损害部分归咎于受损害方的作为或不作为，或是由该方当事人承担风险的其他事件所导致，在考虑到各方当事人行为的情况下，损害赔偿金额应扣除因上述因素导致的损害部分。Wheretheharmisdueinparttoanactoromissionoftheaggrievedpartyortoanothereventastowhichthatpartybearstherisk,theamountofdamagesshallbereducedtotheextentthatthesefactorshavecontributedtotheharm,havingregardtotheconductofeachoftheparties.36第7.4.8条(损害的减轻)ARTICLE7.4.8(Mitigationofharm)(1)不履行方对于受损害方所蒙受的本来可以通过其采取合理措施减少的那部分损害，不承担责任。(1)Thenon-performingpartyisnotliableforharmsufferedbytheaggrievedpartytotheextentthattheharmcouldhavebeenreducedbythelatterparty’stakingreasonablesteps.(2)受损害方有权对试图减少损害而发生的一切合理费用要求补偿。(2)Theaggrievedpartyisentitledtorecoveranyexpensesreasonablyincurredinattemptingtoreducetheharm.第7.4.9条(未付金钱债务的利息)ARTICLE7.4.9(Interestforfailuretopaymoney)(1)如果一方当事人未支付一笔到期的金钱债务，受损害方有权要求支付自该笔债务到期时起至支付时止的利息，而不管该不付款是否可被免责。(1)Ifapartydoesnotpayasumofmoneywhenitfallsduetheaggrievedpartyisentitledtointerestuponthatsumfromthetimewhenpaymentisduetothetimeofpaymentwhetherornotthenon-paymentisexcused.(2)利率应为付款地银行对主要借款人借贷支付货币的短期平均贷款通行利率。若该地无此利率，则为支付货币国家的此种利率。当上述两地均无此利率时，应为支付货币国法律规定的适当利率。(2)Therateofinterestshallbetheaveragebankshort-termlendingratetoprimeborrowersprevailingforthecurrencyofpaymentattheplaceforpayment,orwherenosuchrateexistsatthatplace,thenthesamerateintheStateofthecurrencyofpayment.IntheabsenceofsucharateateitherplacetherateofinterestshallbetheappropriateratefixedbythelawoftheStateofthecurrencyofpayment.(3)受损害方有权对不付款给其造成的更大的损害要求额外的损害赔偿。(3)Theaggrievedpartyisentitledtoadditionaldamagesifthenon-paymentcauseditagreaterharm.第7.4.10条(损害赔偿的利息)ARTICLE7.4.10(Interestondamages)除非另有约定，对非金钱债务不履行的损害赔偿的利息自不履行之时起算。Unlessotherwiseagreed,interestondamagesfornon-performanceofnon-monetaryobligationsaccruesasfromthetimeofnon-performance.第7.4.11条(金钱赔偿的方式)ARTICLE7.4.11(Mannerofmonetaryredress)(1)损害赔偿应一次付清。但是，当损害的性质适于分期付款偿付时，也可分期偿付。(1)Damagesaretobepaidinalumpsum.However,theymaybepayableininstalmentswherethenatureoftheharmmakesthisappropriate.(2)分期支付损害赔偿金时，可以按指数调整。(2)Damagestobepaidininstalmentsmaybeindexed.第7.4.12条(估算损害赔偿金的货币)ARTICLE7.4.12(Currencyinwhichtoassessdamages)损害赔偿金既可以用表示金钱债务的货币确定，也可以用遭受损害的货币确定，以两者中最为适当的货币为准。Damagesaretobeassessedeitherinthecurrencyinwhichthemonetaryobligationwasexpressedorinthecurrencyinwhichtheharmwassuffered,whicheverismoreappropriate.第7.4.13条(对不履行所约定的付款)37ARTICLE7.4.13(Agreedpaymentfornon-performance)(1)如果合同规定不履行方应支付受损害方一笔约定的金额，则受损害方有权获得该笔金额，而不管其实际损害如何。(1)Wherethecontractprovidesthatapartywhodoesnotperformistopayaspecifiedsumtotheaggrievedpartyforsuchnon-performance,theaggrievedpartyisentitledtothatsumirrespectiveofitsactualharm.(2)但是，如果约定金额严重超过因不履行以及其他情况导致的损害，则可将该约定金额减少至一个合理的数目，而不考虑任何与此相反的约定。(2)However,notwithstandinganyagreementtothecontrarythespecifiedsummaybereducedtoareasonableamountwhereitisgrosslyexcessiveinrelationtotheharmresultingfromthenon-performanceandtotheothercircumstances.第八章抵销CHAPTER8—SET-OFF第8.1条(抵销的条件)ARTICLE8.1(Conditionsofset-off)(1)当双方当事人互负金钱或其他同类履行时，任何一方(“第一方当事人”)可以将自己的债务与其债权人(“另一方当事人”)的债务抵销，如果抵销发生时满足以下条件:(1)Wheretwopartiesoweeachothermoneyorotherperformancesofthesamekind,eitherofthem("thefirstparty")maysetoffitsobligationagainstthatofitsobligee("theotherparty")ifatthetimeofset-off,(a)第一方当事人有权履行其债务;(a)thefirstpartyisentitledtoperformitsobligation;(b)另一方当事人债务的存在和数量被确定，且履行到期。(b)theotherparty’sobligationisascertainedastoitsexistenceandamountandperformanceisdue.(2)如果双方当事人的债务基于同一合同产生，第一方当事人可将自己的债务与另一方当事人的债务抵销，即使另一方当事人债务的存在或数量尚未确定。(2)Iftheobligationsofbothpartiesarisefromthesamecontract,thefirstpartymayalsosetoffitsobligationagainstanobligationoftheotherpartywhichisnotascertainedastoitsexistenceortoitsamount.第8.2条(外汇抵销)ARTICLE8.2(Foreigncurrencyset-off)当以不同货币支付金钱债务时，亦可行使抵销权，但要以该两种货币均为可自由兑换的货币，而且当事人没有约定第一方当事人必须以特定货币支付为条件。Wheretheobligationsaretopaymoneyindifferentcurrencies,therightofset-offmaybeexercised,providedthatbothcurrenciesarefreelyconvertibleandthepartieshavenotagreedthatthefirstpartyshallpayonlyinaspecifiedcurrency.第8.3条(抵销通知)ARTICLE8.3(Set-offbynotice)行使抵销权时，应当通知另一方当事人。Therightofset-offisexercisedbynoticetotheotherparty.第8.4条(通知的内容)ARTICLE8.4(Contentofnotice)(1)通知必须指明拟抵销的债务。(1)Thenoticemustspecifytheobligationstowhichitrelates.38(2)如果通知没有指明行使抵销权的债务，另一方当事人可在合理的时间内向第一方当事人声明有关抵销的债务。如果未作出该声明，则抵销将按比例适用于所有债务。(2)Ifthenoticedoesnotspecifytheobligationagainstwhichset-offisexercised,theotherpartymay,withinareasonabletime,declaretothefirstpartytheobligationtowhichset-offrelates.Ifnosuchdeclarationismade,theset-offwillrelatetoalltheobligationsproportionally.第8.5条(抵销的效力)ARTICLE8.5(Effectofset-off)(1)抵销解除双方债务。(1)Set-offdischargestheobligations.(2)如果债务的金额不等，则抵销以金额较小者为限解除债务。(2)Ifobligationsdifferinamount,set-offdischargestheobligationsuptotheamountofthelesserobligation.(3)抵销自通知之时起生效。(3)Set-offtakeseffectasfromthetimeofnotice.第九章权利的转让、债务的转移、合同的转让CHAPTER9—ASSIGNMENTOFRIGHTS,TRANSFEROFOBLIGATIONS,ASSIGNMENTOFCONTRACTS第一节权利的转让SECTION1:ASSIGNMENTOFRIGHTS第9.1.1条(定义)ARTICLE9.1.1(Definitions)“权利的转让”是指一人(“让与人”)，将其对第三人(“债务人”)金钱支付或其他履行的权利，以协议方式转移给另一人(“受让人”)，包括以担保为目的的转让。“Assignmentofaright”meansthetransferbyagreementfromoneperson(the“assignor”)toanotherperson(the“assignee”),includingtransferbywayofsecurity,oftheassignor’srighttopaymentofamonetarysumorotherperformancefromathirdperson(“theobligor”).第9.1.2条(排除适用)ARTICLE9.1.2(Exclusions)本节不适用于由特殊规则调整的下列转让:ThisSectiondoesnotapplytotransfersmadeunderthespecialrulesgoverningthetransfers:(a)票据转让，例如流通票据、权利凭证或金融票据，或者(a)ofinstrumentssuchasnegotiableinstruments,documentsoftitleorfinancialinstruments,or(b)一项商业转让过程中发生的权利转让。(b)ofrightsinthecourseoftransferringabusiness.第9.1.3条(非金钱权利的转让)ARTICLE9.1.3(Assignabilityofnon-monetaryrights)一项非金钱履行的权利，只有转让不导致更重大履行负担时，方可转让。Arighttonon-monetaryperformancemaybeassignedonlyiftheassignmentdoesnotrendertheobligationsignificantlymoreburdensome.第9.1.4条(部分转让)ARTICLE9.1.4(Partialassignment)39(1)金钱支付的权利可以部分转让。(1)Arighttothepaymentofamonetarysummaybeassignedpartially.(2)其他履行的权利，只有当该履行是可分割的，并且转让不导致更重大履行负担时，才可部分转让。(2)Arighttootherperformancemaybeassignedpartiallyonlyifitisdivisible,andtheassignmentdoesnotrendertheobligationsignificantlymoreburdensome.第9.1.5条(未来权利)ARTICLE9.1.5(Futurerights)未来权利视为在转让协议达成时转让，但以该项权利在出现时必须能够被确定是属于被转让的权利为条件。Afuturerightisdeemedtobetransferredatthetimeoftheagreement,providedtheright,whenitcomesintoexistence,canbeidentifiedastherighttowhichtheassignmentrelates.第9.1.6条(未逐一指明的权利的转让)ARTICLE9.1.6(Rightsassignedwithoutindividualspecification)数项权利可同时转让，而无需逐一指明，但以这些权利能够于转让时或出现时被确定是与转让相关的权利为条件。Anumberofrightsmaybeassignedwithoutindividualspecification,providedsuchrightscanbeidentifiedasrightstowhichtheassignmentrelatesatthetimeoftheassignmentorwhentheycomeintoexistence.第9.1.7条(让与人和受让人协议即可转让)ARTICLE9.1.7(Agreementbetweenassignorandassigneesufficient)(1)一项权利仅凭让与人和受让人之间的协议即可转让，而无须通知债务人。(1)Arightisassignedbymereagreementbetweentheassignorandtheassignee,withoutnoticetotheobligor.(2)转让无需债务人同意，除非此情况下债务实质上具有人身性质。(2)Theconsentoftheobligorisnotrequiredunlesstheobligationinthecircumstancesisofanessentiallypersonalcharacter.第9.1.8条(债务人的额外成本)ARTICLE9.1.8(Obligor’sadditionalcosts)因权利转让产生的任何额外成本，债务人有权要求让与人或受让人给予补偿。Theobligorhasarighttobecompensatedbytheassignorortheassigneeforanyadditionalcostscausedbytheassignment.第9.1.9条(非转让条款)ARTICLE9.1.9(Non-assignmentclauses)(1)尽管让与人和债务人之间存在限制或禁止转让的协议，金钱支付的权利的转让仍然具有效力。但是，让与人可能因此向债务人承担违约责任。(1)Theassignmentofarighttothepaymentofamonetarysumiseffectivenotwithstandinganagreementbetweentheassignorandtheobligorlimitingorprohibitingsuchanassignment.However,theassignormaybeliabletotheobligorforbreachofcontract.(2)非金钱性履行的权利的转让，如果违反让与人与债务人之间限制或禁止转让的协议，则转让无效。但是，如果受让人在转让发生时既不知道也不应知道该协议，则转让有效。但让与人可能因此向债务人承担违约责任。(2)Theassignmentofarighttootherperformanceisineffectiveifitiscontrarytoanagreementbetweentheassignorandtheobligorlimitingorprohibitingtheassignment.Nevertheless,theassignmentiseffectiveiftheassignee,atthetimeoftheassignment,neitherknewnoroughttohaveknownoftheagreement.The40assignormaythenbeliabletotheobligorforbreachofcontract.第9.1.10条(通知债务人)ARTICLE9.1.10(Noticetotheobligor)(1)在收到让与人或受让人发出的转让通知以前，债务人可通过向让与人清偿来解除债务。(1)Untiltheobligorreceivesanoticeoftheassignmentfromeithertheassignorortheassignee,itisdischargedbypayingtheassignor.(2)在收到该通知后，债务人只有通过向受让人清偿才能解除债务。(2)Aftertheobligorreceivessuchanotice,itisdischargedonlybypayingtheassignee.第9.1.11条(连续转让)ARTICLE9.1.11(Successiveassignments)如果同一让与人将同一权利连续转让给两个或两个以上受让人，则债务人按照收到通知的时间顺序清偿后，其债务得以解除。Ifthesamerighthasbeenassignedbythesameassignortotwoormoresuccessiveassignees,theobligorisdischargedbypayingaccordingtotheorderinwhichthenoticeswerereceived.第9.1.12条(转让的充分证据)ARTICLE9.1.12(Adequateproofofassignment)(1)当受让人发出转让通知时，债务人可以要求受让人在合理时间内提供做出转让的充分证据。(1)Ifnoticeoftheassignmentisgivenbytheassignee,theobligormayrequesttheassigneetoprovidewithinareasonabletimeadequateproofthattheassignmenthasbeenmade.(2)在提供充分证据之前，债务人可以停止清偿。(2)Untiladequateproofisprovided,theobligormaywithholdpayment.(3)在提供充分证据之前，通知不产生效力。(3)Unlessadequateproofisprovided,noticeisnoteffective.(4)充分证据包括但不限于，让与人作出的并能够表明转让已做出的任何书面文件。(4)Adequateproofincludes,butisnotlimitedto,anywritingemanatingfromtheassignorandindicatingthattheassignmenthastakenplace.第9.1.13条(抗辩权和抵销权)ARTICLE9.1.13(Defencesandrightsofset-off)(1)债务人可以其对抗让与人的所有抗辩权，对抗受让人。(1)Theobligormayassertagainsttheassigneealldefencesthattheobligorcouldassertagainsttheassignor.(2)债务人在收到转让通知时，可向让与人主张的任何抵销权，都可以向受让人主张。(2)Theobligormayexerciseagainsttheassigneeanyrightofset-offavailabletotheobligoragainsttheassignoruptothetimenoticeofassignmentwasreceived.第9.1.14条(与权利转让相关之权利)ARTICLE9.1.14(Rightsrelatedtotherightassigned)一项权利的转让将下列权利转至受让人:Theassignmentofarighttransferstotheassignee:(a)根据与被转让权利相关的合同，让与人的所有金钱支付或者其他履行的权利，以及(a)alltheassignor’srightstopaymentorotherperformanceunderthecontractinrespectoftherightassigned,and(b)担保被转让之权利得以履行的所有权利。41(b)allrightssecuringperformanceoftherightassigned.第9.1.15条(让与人的担保)ARTICLE9.1.15(Undertakingsoftheassignor)除非已向受让人作了另外披露，让与人对受让人承担下述担保义务:Theassignorundertakestowardstheassignee,exceptasotherwisedisclosedtotheassignee,that:(a)被转让之权利在转让发生时已经存在，但未来权利除外;(a)theassignedrightexistsatthetimeoftheassignment,unlesstherightisafutureright;(b)让与人有权转让该权利;(b)theassignorisentitledtoassigntheright;(c)该权利此前没有转让给其他受让人，并且不存在第三方提出权利或请求;(c)therighthasnotbeenpreviouslyassignedtoanotherassignee,anditisfreefromanyrightorclaimfromathirdparty;(d)债务人不存在任何抗辩;(d)theobligordoesnothaveanydefences;(e)债务人和让与人均未做出针对被转让权利的抵销通知，而且今后也不会发出此类通知;(e)neithertheobligornortheassignorhasgivennoticeofset-offconcerningtheassignedrightandwillnotgiveanysuchnotice;(f)让与人应将在转让通知做出前从债务人收到的任何清偿，退还给受让人。(f)theassignorwillreimbursetheassigneeforanypaymentreceivedfromtheobligorbeforenoticeoftheassignmentwasgiven.第二节:债务的转移SECTION2:TRANSFEROFOBLIGATIONS第9.2.1条(转移的模式)ARTICLE9.2.1(Modesoftransfer)支付金钱或者为其他履行的债务，可以通过以下方式由一人(“原债务人”)转移到另一人(“新债务人”):Anobligationtopaymoneyorrenderotherperformancemaybetransferredfromoneperson(the“originalobligor”)toanotherperson(the“newobligor”)either(a)原债务人和新债务人之间达成协议，但要受到第9.2.3条的约束，或(a)byanagreementbetweentheoriginalobligorandthenewobligorsubjecttoArticle9.2.3,or(b)债权人和新债务人之间达成的由新债务人承担债务的协议。(b)byanagreementbetweentheobligeeandthenewobligor,bywhichthenewobligorassumestheobligation.第9.2.2条(排除适用)ARTICLE9.2.2(Exclusion)本节不适用于在一项商业转让过程中，依管辖债务转移的特殊规则所做的债务转移。ThisSectiondoesnotapplytotransfersofobligationsmadeunderthespecialrulesgoverningtransfersofobligationsinthecourseoftransferringabusiness.第9.2.3条(对债权人转移同意的要求)ARTICLE9.2.3(Requirementofobligee’sconsenttotransfer)原债务人和新债务人以协议方式转移债务，须经债权人同意。Thetransferofanobligationbyanagreementbetweentheoriginalobligorandthenewobligorrequirestheconsentoftheobligee.42第9.2.4条(债权人的预先同意)ARTICLE9.2.4(Advanceconsentofobligee)(1)债权人可以预先同意。(1)Theobligeemaygiveitsconsentinadvance.(2)债权人预先同意的，债务转移自转移通知到达债权人时，或者债权人认可该债务转移时，产生效力。(2)Iftheobligeehasgivenitsconsentinadvance,thetransferoftheobligationbecomeseffectivewhenanoticeofthetransferisgiventotheobligeeorwhentheobligeeacknowledgesit.第9.2.5条(原债务人债务的解除)ARTICLE9.2.5(Dischargeoforiginalobligor)(1)债权人可以解除原债务人的债务。(1)Theobligeemaydischargetheoriginalobligor.(2)债权人可以继续将原债务人作为债务人，如果新债务人履行不适当。(2)Theobligeemayalsoretaintheoriginalobligorasanobligorincasethenewobligordoesnotperformproperly.(3)其余情况下，原债务人和新债务人承担连带责任。(3)Otherwisetheoriginalobligorandthenewobligorarejointlyandseverallyliable.第9.2.6条(第三方履行)ARTICLE9.2.6(Thirdpartyperformance)(1)在没有债权人同意的情况下，债务人可以与另一个人约定由该人替代该债务人履行债务，但债务本质上具有人身性质的除外。(1)Withouttheobligee’sconsent,theobligormaycontractwithanotherpersonthatthispersonwillperformtheobligationinplaceoftheobligor,unlesstheobligationinthecircumstanceshasanessentiallypersonalcharacter.(2)债权人保留对债务人的请求权。(2)Theobligeeretainsitsclaimagainsttheobligor.第9.2.7条(抗辩和抵销权)ARTICLE9.2.7(Defencesandrightsofset-off)(1)新债务人可援用原债务人对抗债权人的所有抗辩，对抗债权人。(1)Thenewobligormayassertagainsttheobligeealldefenceswhichtheoriginalobligorcouldassertagainsttheobligee.(2)新债务人不可以向债权人主张原债务人可以向债权人主张的抵销权。(2)Thenewobligormaynotexerciseagainsttheobligeeanyrightofset-offavailabletotheoriginalobligoragainsttheobligee.第9.2.8条(与被转移债务相关的权利)ARTICLE9.2.8(Rightsrelatedtotheobligationtransferred)(1)债权人可以对新债务人主张与被转移之债务相关的合同项下的金钱支付或者其他履行的所有各项权利。(1)Theobligeemayassertagainstthenewobligorallitsrightstopaymentorotherperformanceunderthecontractinrespectoftheobligationtransferred.(2)原债务人根据第9.2.5条第(1)款解除债务的，除新债务人以外的任何其他人对于债务履行提供的担保随之解除，但是该其他人同意该担保对债权人继续有效的除外。(2)IftheoriginalobligorisdischargedunderArticle9.2.5(1),asecuritygrantedbyanypersonotherthanthenewobligorfortheperformanceoftheobligationisdischarged,unlessthatotherpersonagreesthatitshouldcontinuetobeavailabletothe43obligee.(3)原债务人之债务的解除，还包括原债务人向债权人提供的用以保证履行债务的任何担保的解除，但是设立担保的资产已作为原债务人和新债务人之间交易的一部分而转移的除外。(3)Dischargeoftheoriginalobligoralsoextendstoanysecurityoftheoriginalobligorgiventotheobligeefortheperformanceoftheobligation,unlessthesecurityisoveranassetwhichistransferredaspartofatransactionbetweentheoriginalobligorandthenewobligor.第三节合同的转让SECTION3:ASSIGNMENTOFCONTRACTS第9.3.1条(定义)ARTICLE9.3.1(Definitions)“合同的转让”是指一人(“让与人”)将产生于与另一人(“另一方当事人”)的一项合同的权利与义务，以协议方式转移给另一人(“受让人”)。“Assignmentofacontract”meansthetransferbyagreementfromoneperson(the“assignor”)toanotherperson(the“assignee”)oftheassignor’srightsandobligationsarisingoutofacontractwithanotherperson(the“otherparty”).第9.3.2条(排除适用)ARTICLE9.3.2(Exclusion)本节不适用于由特殊规则调整的商业转让过程中的合同转让。ThisSectiondoesnotapplytotheassignmentofcontractsmadeunderthespecialrulesgoverningtransfersofcontractsinthecourseoftransferringabusiness.第9.3.3条(另一方当事人同意的要求)ARTICLE9.3.3(Requirementofconsentoftheotherparty)一项合同的转让要求征得另一方当事人的同意。Theassignmentofacontractrequirestheconsentoftheotherparty.第9.3.4条(另一方当事人的预先同意)ARTICLE9.3.4(Advanceconsentoftheotherparty)(1)另一方当事人可预先同意。(1)Theotherpartymaygiveitsconsentinadvance.(2)另一方当事人预先同意的，合同转让自转让通知到达该另一方当事人时，或者当该另一方当事人认可该合同转让时，生效。(2)Iftheotherpartyhasgivenitsconsentinadvance,theassignmentofthecontractbecomeseffectivewhenanoticeoftheassignmentisgiventotheotherpartyorwhentheotherpartyacknowledgesit.第9.3.5条(让与人债务的解除)ARTICLE9.3.5(Dischargeoftheassignor)(1)另一方当事人可解除让与人的债务。(1)Theotherpartymaydischargetheassignor.(2)另一方当事人可继续将让与人作为债务人，如果受让人的履行不适当。(2)Theotherpartymayalsoretaintheassignorasanobligorincasetheassigneedoesnotperformproperly.(3)其余情况下，让与人和受让人承担连带责任。(3)Otherwisetheassignorandtheassigneearejointlyandseverallyliable.44第9.3.6条(抗辩和抵销权)ARTICLE9.3.6(Defencesandrightsofset-off)(1)在一项合同的转让中涉及权利转让的范围内，适用第9.1.13条的规定。(1)Totheextentthattheassignmentofacontractinvolvesanassignmentofrights,Article9.1.13appliesaccordingly.(2)在一项合同的转让中涉及债务转移的范围内，适用第9.2.7条的规定。(2)Totheextentthattheassignmentofacontractinvolvesatransferofobligations,Article9.2.7appliesaccordingly.第9.3.7条(随合同转让的权利)ARTICLE9.3.7(Rightstransferredwiththecontract)(1)在一项合同的转让中涉及权利转让的范围内，适用第9.1.4条的规定。(1)Totheextentthattheassignmentofacontractinvolvesanassignmentofrights,Article9.1.14appliesaccordingly.(2)在一项合同的转让中涉及债务转移的范围内，适用第9.2.8条的规定。(2)Totheextentthattheassignmentofacontractinvolvesatransferofobligations,Article9.2.8appliesaccordingly.第十章时效期间CHAPTER10—LIMITATIONPERIODS第10.1条(本章范围)ARTICLE10.1(ScopeoftheChapter)(1)根据本章的规则，受通则管辖的权利的行使因一段时间，期间称为“时效期间”，的届满而被禁止。(1)TheexerciseofrightsgovernedbythesePrinciplesisbarredbytheexpirationofaperiodoftime,referredtoas“limitationperiod”,accordingtotherulesofthisChapter.(2)本章并不管辖依据本通则的规定要求一方当事人作为取得或行使其权利的条件，须通知另一方当事人或除司法程序之外履行任何行为的时间期间。(2)ThisChapterdoesnotgovernthetimewithinwhichonepartyisrequiredunderthesePrinciples,asaconditionfortheacquisitionorexerciseofitsright,togivenoticetotheotherpartyortoperformanyactotherthantheinstitutionoflegalproceedings.第10.2条(时效期间)ARTICLE10.2(Limitationperiods)(1)一般时效期间为三年，自债权人知道或应该知道导致其能够行使权利的事实之日的次日起计算。(1)Thegenerallimitationperiodisthreeyearsbeginningonthedayafterthedaytheobligeeknowsoroughttoknowthefactsasaresultofwhichtheobligee’srightcanbeexercised.(2)任何情况下最长时效期间为十年，自能够行使权利之日的次日起计算。(2)Inanyevent,themaximumlimitationperiodistenyearsbeginningonthedayafterthedaytherightcanbeexercised.第10.3条(当事人对时效期间的修改)ARTICLE10.3(Modificationoflimitationperiodsbytheparties)(1)当事人可以修改时效期间。(1)Thepartiesmaymodifythelimitationperiods.(2)但是他们不得:(2)Howevertheymaynot(a)将一般时效期间缩短至不足一年;45(a)shortenthegenerallimitationperiodtolessthanoneyear;(b)将最长时效期间缩短至不足四年;(b)shortenthemaximumlimitationperiodtolessthanfouryears;(c)将最长时效期间延长超过十五年。(c)extendthemaximumlimitationperiodtomorethanfifteenyears.第10.4条(认可导致时效期间重新计算)ARTICLE10.4(Newlimitationperiodbyacknowledgement)(1)债务人在一般时效期间届满前认可债权人权利的，自认可之日的次日起，一般时效期间重新开始计算。(1)Wheretheobligorbeforetheexpirationofthegenerallimitationperiodacknowledgestherightoftheobligee,anewgenerallimitationperiodbeginsonthedayafterthedayoftheacknowledgement.(2)最长时效期间不再重新计算，但可依一般时效期间按照第10.2条第(1)款的重新开始计算而超期。(2)Themaximumlimitationperioddoesnotbegintorunagain,butmaybeexceededbythebeginningofanewgenerallimitationperiodunderArt.10.2(1).第10.5条(因司法程序而中止)ARTICLE10.5(Suspensionbyjudicialproceedings)(1)时效期间在以下情况下中止计算:(1)Therunningofthelimitationperiodissuspended(a)通过启动司法程序或者在已经启动的司法程序中，债权人采取被法院认可的债权人向债务人主张其权利的任何行为;(a)whentheobligeeperformsanyact,bycommencingjudicialproceedingsorinjudicialproceedingsalreadyinstituted,thatisrecognisedbythelawofthecourtasassertingtheobligee’srightagainsttheobligor;(b)在债务人破产的情况下，债权人在破产程序中主张其权利;(b)inthecaseoftheobligor’sinsolvencywhentheobligeehasasserteditsrightsintheinsolvencyproceedings;or(c)在债务人实体进入解散程序的情况下，债权人在解散程序中主张其权利。(c)inthecaseofproceedingsfordissolutionoftheentitywhichistheobligorwhentheobligeehasasserteditsrightsinthedissolutionproceedings.(2)时效中止持续至终局判决做出之时或以其他方式程序终止之时。(2)Suspensionlastsuntilafinaldecisionhasbeenissuedoruntiltheproceedingshavebeenotherwiseterminated.第10.6条(因仲裁程序而中止)ARTICLE10.6(Suspensionbyarbitralproceedings)(1)通过启动仲裁程序或者在已经启动的仲裁程序中，自债权人采取的被仲裁庭适用法所认可的债权人向债务人主张其权利的任何行为之时起，时效期间中止计算。如果没有确定启动仲裁程序的确切日期的仲裁程序规定或条款，则仲裁程序自要求审理争议之权利的请求送达债务人之日时被启动。(1)Therunningofthelimitationperiodissuspendedwhentheobligeeperformsanyact,bycommencingarbitralproceedingsorinarbitralproceedingsalreadyinstituted,thatisrecognisedbythelawofthearbitraltribunalasassertingtheobligee’srightagainsttheobligor.Intheabsenceofregulationsforarbitralproceedingsorprovisionsdeterminingtheexactdateofthecommencementofarbitralproceedings,theproceedingsaredeemedtocommenceonthedateonwhicharequestthattherightindisputeshouldbeadjudicatedreachestheobligor.(2)时效中止持续至有约束力的裁决做出之时或以其他方式程序终止之时。(2)Suspensionlastsuntilabindingdecisionhasbeenissuedoruntiltheproceedingshavebeenotherwise46terminated.第10.7条(替代性争议解决机制)ARTICLE10.7(Alternativedisputeresolution)第10.5条和第10.6条的规定经适当修改，适用于下述程序:当事人各方请求第三方协助他们通过友好的方式解决他们之间的争议。TheprovisionsofArticles10.5and10.6applywithappropriatemodificationstootherproceedingswherebythepartiesrequestathirdpersontoassistthemintheirattempttoreachanamicablesettlementoftheirdispute.第10.8条(因不可抗力、死亡或无行为能力而中止)ARTICLE10.8(Suspensionincaseofforcemajeure,deathorincapacity)(1)如果债权人因其无法控制、无法避免，也无法克服的障碍，不能根据前述条款阻止时效期间的计算，则一般时效期间中止计算，使其不会在相关障碍消失之后一年内届满。(1)Wheretheobligeehasbeenpreventedbyanimpedimentthatisbeyonditscontrolandthatitcouldneitheravoidnorovercome,fromcausingalimitationperiodtoceasetorunundertheprecedingarticles,thegenerallimitationperiodissuspendedsoasnottoexpirebeforeoneyearaftertherelevantimpedimenthasceasedtoexist.(2)如果债权人或债务人的无行为能力或死亡构成上述障碍，时效期间的中止于为无行为能力人，或死者或其遗产指定了代理人，或者继承人继承了前述相关人的地位时停止。第(1)款规定的一年额外期间同样适用于本款。(2)Wheretheimpedimentconsistsoftheincapacityordeathoftheobligeeorobligor,suspensionceaseswhenarepresentativefortheincapacitatedordeceasedpartyoritsestatehasbeenappointedorasuccessorhasinheritedtherespectiveparty’sposition.Theadditionalone-yearperiodunderparagraph(1)appliesaccordingly.第10.9条(时效期间届满的效力)ARTICLE10.9(Theeffectsofexpirationoflimitationperiod)(1)时效期间届满不消灭权利。(1)Theexpirationofthelimitationperioddoesnotextinguishtheright.(2)经债务人作为抗辩提出，时效期间届满方产生效力。(2)Fortheexpirationofthelimitationperiodtohaveeffect,theobligormustassertitasadefence.(3)即使权利的时效期间届满已经提出，仍可依据此权利作为抗辩。(3)Arightmaystillbereliedonasadefenceeventhoughtheexpirationofthelimitationperiodforthatrighthasbeenasserted.第10.10条(抵销权)ARTICLE10.10(Rightofset-off)债权人可以行使抵销权，除非债务人主张时效期间已届满。Theobligeemayexercisetherightofset-offuntiltheobligorhasassertedtheexpirationofthelimitationperiod.第10.11条(返还)ARTICLE10.11(Restitution)当为了解除一项债务已经做了履行时，则无权仅凭时效期间届满要求返还。Wheretherehasbeenperformanceinordertodischargeanobligation,thereisnorightofrestitutionmerelybecausethelimitationperiodhasexpired.47',)