低碳钢拉伸试验 (2),低碳钢的拉伸试验

('theprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurther试验一金属材料的拉伸与压缩试验1.1概述拉伸实验是材料力学实验中最重要的实验之一。任何一种材料受力后都要产生变形，变形到一定程度就可能发生断裂破坏。材料在受力——变形——断裂的这一破坏过程中，不仅有一定的变形能力，而且对变形和断裂有一定的抵抗能力，这些能力称为材料的力学机械性能。通过拉伸实验，可以确定材料的许多重要而又最基本的力学机械性能。例如：弹性模量E、比例极限Rp、上和下屈服强度ReH和ReL、强度极限Rm、延伸率A、收缩率Z。除此而外，通过拉伸实验的结果，往往还可以大致判定某种其它机械性能，如硬度等。我们以两种材料——低碳钢，铸铁做拉伸试验，以便对于塑性材料和脆性材料的力学机械性能进行比较。这个实验是研究材料在静载和常温条件下的拉断过程。利用电子万能材料试验机自动绘出的载荷——变形图，及试验前后试件的尺寸来确定其机械性能。试件的形式和尺寸对实验的结果有很大影响，就是同一材料由于试件的计算长度不同，其延伸率变动的范围就很大。例如：对45#钢：当L0＝10d0时（L0为试件计算长度，d0为直径），延伸率A10＝24~29%，当L0＝5d0时，A5＝23~25%。为了能够准确的比较材料的性质，对拉伸试件的尺寸有一定的标准规定。按国标GB/T228-2002、GB/P7314-1987的要求，拉伸试件一般采用下面两种形式：图1.11.10倍试件；圆形截面时，L0＝10d0矩形截面时，L0＝11.32.5倍试件圆形截面时，L0＝5d矩形截面时,L0＝5.65=d0——试验前试件计算部分的直径；S0——试验前试件计算部分断面面积。此外，试件的表面要求一定的光洁度。光洁度对屈服点有影响。因此，试件表面不应有刻痕、切口、翘曲及淬火裂纹痕迹等。1.2拉伸实验一、实验目的：1．研究低碳钢、铸铁的应力——应变曲线拉伸图。2．确定低碳钢在拉伸时的机械性能（比例极限Rp、下屈服强度ReL、强度极限Rm、延伸率A、断面收缩率Z等等）。3.确定铸铁在拉伸时的力学机械性能。二、实验原理：拉伸实验是测定材料力学性能最基本的实验之一。在单向拉伸时F—ΔL（力——变形）曲线的形式代表了不同材料的力学性能，利用：可得到σ—ε曲线关系。三、实验所用的设备、仪器和工具1、Zwick电子万能材料试验机一台2、游标卡尺一支3、记号笔一支4、低碳钢、铸铁试件各一个综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.OnhardandtheprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurther四、实验步骤：1．量度试件尺寸：1）量度直径d0。对于圆试件，在计算长度的两端及中部三处用卡尺测量，每一处都要在两个互相垂直的方向上量出直径，取其直径最小值，测量精度到±0.1mm。2）确定计算长度L0。在试件中间等粗的细长部分内，量取计算长度L0（按10倍或5倍试件确定）。然后用刻线机（记号笔等）把计算长度L0分成若干等分（通常是以5mm或10mm为一等分）。以便当试件断裂不在中间时进行换算，从而求得比较正确的延伸率。但刻线时，应尽量轻微。建议使用下列表格表1.3。表1.3拉伸试件原始尺寸数据记录材料标距L0（mm）直径d0(mm)横截面面积S0(mm)截面I截面II截面III12平均12平均12平均低碳钢10010.0010.0210.019.9810.009.9910.0010.0010.0078.54铸铁6010.0210.0010.0110.0010.0010.0010.0210.0210.0278.70以拉伸试验为例，电子万能试验机的主要操作步骤如下：1)打开主机电源2)静候数秒，以待机器系统检测3)打开TestXpert测试软件，选取相应测试程序（或直接在电脑桌面上双击程序图标）4)按主机“ON”按钮，以使主机与程序相连5)顺利后，点击“LE”图标以使夹具恢复到设定值6)用游标卡尺测量试样尺寸，并输入7)摆放试样于试样台，用夹具夹持试样一端8)点击“清零”图标，使力值清零9)用夹具夹持试样另一端10)点击“Start”图标，开始测试11)弹出试样尺寸确认框，输入试样尺寸，点击“OK”12)测试终止后，取出试样13)按“LE”按钮，使横梁自动恢复到初始位置，程序自动计算测试结果并作出图表14)将断裂后试样尺寸输入15)点击“PrintProtocol”图标，打印测试报告16)保存测试结果文件，另存为.zse格式的文件17)退出程序18)关闭主机电源，清理工作台4．试验注意事项：随时注意观察试件在拉伸过程中的形状变化和应力——应变曲线的变化情况。1）当试件拉伸过程中，当应力——应变曲线出现平台时载荷即到达屈服阶段，在试件表面可能出现契尔诺夫滑移线。2）过了屈服阶段后，观察冷作硬化现象。3）当载荷到达最大值（Fm）时，曲线开始回落下降，密切注意试件形状的变化，此时可看到颈缩现象。4）试件拉断后，立即停机存盘。打印出所得的拉伸图，取下试件并量度此时的断后标距长度Lu（如果试件是断在计算长度之外的作废）和颈缩处的最小直径du。量度时将试件的两半接在一起，使其尽量紧贴。综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.OnhardandtheprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurther5．试验结果整理和计算：1）对拉伸曲线的修正。拉伸曲线得到后，往往在开始处形成如图3.3中所示的不规则的曲线。这是由于试验开始时，握紧器、夹具和试件之间尚未紧密相接。并非完全由于试件变形所致。因此对此曲线要进行修正，即将拉伸图直线部分往下延长，它与横坐标相交，交点即为原点2）根据拉伸图的比例，找出相应的ReL，Rm。并求出：下屈服点ReL＝强度极限Rm＝3)计算延伸率：A＝100%试件拉断后的残余变形在整个长度的分布是非均匀的。在颈缩部分大，而非颈缩部分残余变形小一些（见图3.4）。由此看出，断在中间时，试件残余变形最大，延伸率也最大。为了对同一种材料只得出一个相对稳定的值，不因断裂的位置而异，可以将试验所得到的残余变形换算成相当于试件在中间断裂时的“标准数值”此方法叫“断处移中法”（见图3.5）。例如在图3.5中，其延伸率应换算为A＝100%其中：m及n的小格数目依具体情况而选定。4)断面收缩率：Z＝100%综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.Onhardand图3.2图3.3图3.4图3.5theprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurtherSu——颈缩处的最小面积。5)拉断时颈缩处的实际应力：Rm＝1.3压缩试验一、试验目的研究和比较塑性材料与脆性材料在室温下单向压缩时的力学性能。二、压缩试件与试验所用机器、仪器和工具：1、压缩试件取两种不同材料的试件——低碳钢和铸铁。金属试件一般采用圆柱形，其高与直径之比应为l＜L0/d0＜2。其它材料的试件一般都采用立方体。2、试验所用机器、仪器和工具：与拉伸试验相同，采用压缩夹具。三、试件步骤：1、量试件尺寸（长、宽、高、直径）。2、把试件放在试验机上。3、开机动器，进行试验，一直到试件破坏。4、卸去载荷，取出破坏的试件。5、打印出实验报告。四、实验注意事项：1、低碳钢不能压到破坏，压到45kN时即停止试验。2、为了能很好地观察铸铁的破坏裂纹，在试验中，一但发现载荷值上升缓慢时，需及时停止加载。五、试验结果的整理和计算1．低碳钢：低碳钢为塑性材料，其压缩图见图3.9，开始时遵守胡克定律沿直线上升，比例极限以后变形加快，但无明显屈服阶段。相反地，图形逐渐向上弯曲。这是因为在过了比例极限后，随着塑性变形的迅速增长，而试件的横截面积逐渐增大，因而承受的载荷也随之增大。从实验我们知道，低碳钢试件可以被压成极簿的平板而一般不破坏。因此，其强度极限一般是不能确定的。我们只能确定的是压缩的屈服极限应力。σsc＝图3.9低碳钢压缩图3.10铸铁压缩2．铸铁：铸铁为脆性材料，其压缩图在开始时接近于直线，与纵轴之夹角很小，以后曲率逐渐增大，最后至破坏，因此只确定其强度极限（见图3.11）。σbc＝铸铁试件受压力作用而缩短，表明有很少的塑性变形的存在。当载荷达到最大值时，试件即破坏，并在其表面上出现了倾斜的裂缝（裂缝一般大致在与横截面成45°的平面上发生）铸铁受压后的破坏是突然发生的，这是脆性材料的特征。从试验结果与以前的拉伸试验结果作一比较，可以看出，铸铁承受压缩的能力远远大于承受拉伸的能力。抗压强度远远超过抗拉强度，这是脆性材料的一般属性。1.4电子万能材料试验机简介电子万能材料试验机简称电子万能试验机，是材料力学性能测试的专用设备，主要用于材料的拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切等力学性能试验。电子万能试验机是机械技术、传感器技术、电子（计算机）测量、控制及数据处理技术结合的新型试验机。与以往的机械式和液压式试综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.OnhardandtheprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurther验机相比，近年来生产的电子万能试验机最突出的特点是利用计算机控制试验过程，并完成测量数据的自动采集和处理。不同厂家生产的电子万能试验机虽然在结构形式、操作界面、使用功能及技术性能上存在差异，但基本结构和工作原理是类似的，一般都包括机械加载架、试样夹持装置、测量系统、动力系统、传动系统、控制系统、计算机系统等基本工作单元。常见电子万能试验机按照最大载荷划分为10kN、20kN、50kN、100kN、200kN、250kN等不同的规格，下面以国产CMT5105型100kN电子万能试验机为例做一简要介绍。图3.13电子万能材料试验机一、电子万能材料试验机的结构与工作原理图3.13是Zwick电子万能试验机的照片，图3.14是电子万能试验机的结构及工作原理示意图。电子万能试验机的机械加载架一般为“门式”结构，有单空间和双空间两种形式，由立柱、滚珠丝杠、上横梁、下横梁、移动横梁构成。单空间是指试验机的拉伸和压缩共用同一个加载空间，而双空间是指试验机设有拉伸和压缩两个加载空间。单空间试验机在拉伸试验转换为压缩试验或由压缩试验转换为拉伸试验时，需要更换夹具，而双空间试验机不存在这个问题，因此使用比较方便。Zwick型试验机是单空间式的。在拉伸时安装有拉伸夹具，在压缩时安装有压缩夹具和弯曲夹具。测力传感器、引伸计、光电编码器、数据采集电路（与控制系统集成在一起）组成测量系统，测力传感器用于测量试验载荷，引伸计用于测量试样的变形，光电编码器用于测量横梁移动的位移。各个测量信号均经过数据采集电路送入计算机储存、处理和显示。伺服电机的输出功率经减速器、同步齿形带传递给滚珠丝杠，然后滚珠丝杠带动移动横梁升降将试验载荷施加到试样上。伺服控制器与伺服电机和光电编码器组成闭环控制系统，控制移动横梁的运动。伺服控制器向上经过控制电路与计算机联系，最终由计算机实现对可移动横梁的运动进行控制，包括位置、速度等。由于电子万能试验机采用了闭环控制，加载过程和数据采集都是在计算机的控制下完成的，因此可以选择不同的参数控制方式进行试验。参数控制方式是指以应力（或载荷）、位移、应变等诸试验参数中的某一个作为加载控制因素。例如，“位移控制”就是设定横梁的运动速度（通常是恒定速率），让试验机按照设定的横梁速度和方向对试样进行加载。综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.OnhardandtheprincipleofsimplifiedEIAofconstructionprojectsintheregion.Intermsofland,linkedtotheimplementationofurbanandruralconstructionlandincreaseanddecrease,replacementindicatorsforpriorityareasproject.Charges,intotheprojectsofwater,electricity,administrativechargesandpreferentialpolicies.Intheareaoftaxation,andsettledinareasofindustryanditsproductioncompany,within5yearsafterthecompletionoffiscalincentivestoenterprises.Intermsoffinancing,integrationofland,tax,financialandotherresources,andconstruct"Governmentcredit+businesscredit"creditsystem,establishmentofmarketization,commercializationandmodernizationoftheinvestmentandfinancingplatform;effectiveBank-enterprisedocking,encouragesprivatecapitalintothePark,toraiseindustrydevelopmentfund.5,optimizetheenvironmentandserviceindustries.Tocreate"policylowlands,Highlands,integrityofserviceland,developmentland"asthegoal,tooptimizetheareaunderdevelopmentenvironment.Alladministrativelawenforcementdepartmentstoappointafull-timepersonnelstationedinareasdedicatedtocoordinatingandsolvingproblemsassociatedwithbusinessesinthissector.Whentherearesubstantialissues,sectorleadersarrangedtopersonallyintervene,in-person,in-personpushtangibleareabuildingagreenlight,easyline.Tofurtherreduceandstandardizeadministrativeexaminationandapprovalitems,simplifyexaminationandapprovallinks,improveefficiency;accordingtothe...Sincetheeducationalpracticeofthemasslineoftheparty,himselfseriouslyintheeducation,practicalcontrolcentral"eightrules"andopposing"thefourwinds"andpracticing"threeSuns",andcheckthespiritofJiaoYulu,ideology,solicitopinionsbasedonoutstandingproblemscheckedswing,carefulanalysisandreflection.Willnowcheckreportisasfollows:first,adherencetotheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,eightinthecentralprovision,changethestyleofthebasicsituationof1,incompliancewiththeparty\'spoliticaldisciplines.Conscientiouslyabidebytheparty\'spoliticaldiscipline,abidebytheConstitutionandtherulesandregulationsoftheparty,inthepolitical,ideologicalandmaintainhighlyconsistentwiththeCPCCentralCommitteeontheaction,thereisnoviolationoftheparty\'spoliticaldisciplineproblems.2,intheimplementationofthecentralauthoritiesoftheeightprovisions.Improvingresearch,improvingresearchmethods,buttherearelessgrass-rootsunits,primaryfirst-handaninadequategraspoftheproblem,whichistobestrengthenedinthefuture.Second,construction,strictlyinaccordancewiththeprovisionstostreamlineandimprovethequalityofmeetingsoftheConference.Third,streamliningfilebriefs,cultureinvolvesallaspectsofpropagandaandideology,sometimesduetothepracticalneedsofinventionnotifications,thisareaneedsfurther三、电子万能试验机的使用注意事项：1、由于电气参数初始化的原因，开机、关机时要注意顺序，开机顺序为主机－计算机－打印机，关机顺序为试验机－打印机－计算机。2、安装试样前要注意将横梁限位调整好，以防止损坏机器。1.5思考题：1、试述低碳钢拉伸过程的四个阶段的力学特性。2、名义应力——应变曲线的定义是什么？如何得到真实的应力——应变曲线？3、当有契尔诺夫滑移线出现时，利用力学概念解释此现象。4、比较低碳钢与铸铁拉伸破坏时的端口形状有什么不同，为什么？5、讨论环境条件（温度、加载速率、受力状态）对屈服强度有何影响？6、低碳钢为什么得不到抗压极限强度？7、对铸铁受压破坏的端口进行力学受力分析。综合蓄热法保温施工的工艺特点：将混凝土的组成材料进行加热，然后搅拌，掺加入外加剂在经过运输、振捣后仍然具有一定的温度，浇筑后的混凝土周围用保温材料严密覆盖，使新浇混凝土在一定时间内保持正温切实做好防汛抗旱减灾工作，坚决打好防灾减灾安全度汛这场硬战，维护人民群众生命财产安全和社会大局稳定，我乡积极组织开展了第二轮防汛安全隐患集中排查工作streamlining.Fourarestandardvisits,exceptasrequiredtoparticipateintraining,nootheractivity.Fiveistoimprovenewsreporting,forpropagandaworkstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sixisstrictlyyourpresentationpublishedstrictlyaccordingtotheregulations.Sevenisstrictlythrift,requiredtheuseofvehiclesandofficespaceandcorporatehospitality.3,changethestyle.Propagandaandideologicalworkofthenewsituationandnewrequirementsofthenewtasks,haddonealotoffruitfulwork,hasmademanyachievements,butfurtherclosertothegrassroots,closetoreality,closetothemassesandalsoinadequateinnovationmustcontinuetoimprove.Second,the"fourwinds"someoutstandingissues1,opposeformalism.Onetheoryisthathedidn\'t,withlessclosecontact.Theoreticalstudyofconsciousnessisnothighenough,systemperformanceisnotstrongenough;morepassivelearning,activelearningfewgeneralitiesandlearnmore,delvingintoless.Especiallybasedonrationalthinkingonmajorissues,applyingtheorytoguidetheworkdoneisnotgoodenough,notreallyunderstandandgraspthespiritandessenceofthescientificOutlookondevelopment,didnottrulyachievemastery,toapply,toacertainextent,affectthedevelopmentandimplementationofideasandinitiatives.Second,workarrangements,andlesssupervision.Propagandaandideologicalworkistheobjective,whichneedstokeepthecontinuityeffortsdeployed,butstressedintheworktime,lesssupervision.Forexample,colorweekendsinthesummertheatricalactivities,citysquareperformances,urgingtownships,communitiesandruralareasshowstheimplementationisinadequate,insufficientculturalaneducationalroletoplay.Thirdbaseenough,mastergrass-lessreal.Propagandaandideologicalworkinthenewsituationofcharacteristicsandregularityofenough,deepenoughforgrass-rootspublicopinionDynamicssurvey,forgrass-rootstypicallydriveless.Forexample,ruralcultureteamactive,...I\'mnotactivelytaketheinitiativetotakeup,thelackofspiritofdaringto,resultinginsomejobhadalotofpower,butnotangibleresults.Third,innovation,lackofmotivation.Emancipationdidnotend,innovationdoesnotexist.Inpracticalwork,notyourhead,previousworkexperience,lackofinnovationinitiatives,studyonthecharacteristicsofpropagandaandideologicalworkunderthenewsituationthrough,gripongrassrootsideologicaltrendsandchangesarenotdeep,topromotenewinitiativesandexplorenewmethodsofideologicalandculturalworkisnotmuch,andsomelackofrelevanceandtimeliness.4,discipline,lowering,andhardworkarelacking.Whileworkingandenterprisingspiritdown.Norealsolutiontotreatyourselfright,correctlytreatpasthonors,theircomplacency,andworktoseetheirscoresmore,lesscheckinghisownshortcomings,liketolistentothepraise,satisfiedface,onlinepromotion,therearetypical,andlackofhighstandardsandstrictrequirements,theeffectisreal.Secondharddriveless.Onhardand伺服控制器数据采集与控制系统计算机显示器打印机图3.14电子万能材料试验机的结构及工作原理1.立柱2.拉伸夹具3.拉伸试样4.移动横梁5.测力传感器6.压缩夹具7.弯曲夹具8.下横梁9.同步齿型传动带10.带轮11.光电编码器12.伺服电机13.上横梁14.滚珠丝杠15.引伸计16.手控键盘17.减速机1314151231645678910111217',)