心理语言学名词解释-注释版

("名词解释1.Mutualexclusivitybias相互排斥倾向Acognitiveconstraintinwhichchildrenassumethatanobjectisordinarilynotgiventwodifferentnames.2.Motherese母式语言Aformofadult-to-childspeechcharacterizedbyrelativelysimpleutterances,concretereferents,exaggeratedintonationpatterns,andahighproportionofdirectiveutterances.3.Criticalperiodhypothesis临界期假设Theviewthatthereisaperiodearlyinlifeinwhichweareespeciallypreparedtoacquirealanguage.4.Languagebioprogramhypothesis语言生物程序假设Thehypothesisthatchildrenwhoseenvironmentalexposuretolanguageislimiteduseabackuplinguisticsystem.5.Pidgin混杂语Anauxiliarylanguagethatiscreatedwhenspeakersofmutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesareinclosecontact.6.Languagetransfer语言迁移Insecond-languageacquisition,theprocessinwhichthefirstlanguageinfluencestheacquisitionofasubsequentlanguage.7.Overregularization规则泛化Whenachildappliesalinguisiticruletocasesthatareexceptionstotherule--forexample,sayinggoedinsteadofwent.8.Holophrase表句词Aone-wordutteranceusedbyachildtoexpressmorethanthemeaningattributedtothewordbyadults.9.Idiomorph？Asoundorsoundsequenceusedconsistenlybyachildtorefertosomeoneorsomethingeventhoughitisnotthesoundsequenceconventionallyusedinthelanguageforthatpurpose.10.Coalescence合并Aphonologicalprocessinwhichphonemesfromdifferentsyllablesarecombinedintoasinglesyllable.11.Reduction减少Aphonologicalprocessinchildlanguageinwhichoneormorephonemesaredeleted.Alsocalledclusterreductionbecauseconsonantclustersareoftenreduced,suchassayingtakeforsteak.12.Assimilation同化Aphonologicalprocessinwhichonespeechsoundreplacedbyanotherthatissimilarsoundselsewhereintheutterance.13.Commonground共识Thesharedunderstandingofthoseinvolvedintheconversation.14.Semanticbootstrapping语义引导Theprocessofusingsemanticstoacquiresyntax.15.Accommodation顺应Aphonologicalprocessinwhichelementsthatareshiftedordeletedareadaptedtotheirerror-inducedenvironments.16.Incrementalprocessing增量处理Thenotionthatweareplanningoneportionofourutteranceaswearticulateanotherportion.17.Speecherrors=slipoftongue书上P196Refertofaultsmadebyspeakersduringtheproductionofsounds,wordsandsentences.Bothnativeandnon-nativespeakersofalanguagemakemistakeswhenspeaking.Therearetwotypesofspeecherrors,oneisassemblageerror,theotherisselectionerror.18.AssemblageerrorsThecorrectchoiceorwordhasbeenmade,buttheutterancehasbeenfaultilyassembled.Eg.writteningthreatletters---writingthreateningletters19.SelectionerrorsAwrongitem(oritems)ischosen,wheresomethinghasgonewrongwiththeselectionprocess.Eg.toothhache---toothpaste20.Psycholinguistics心理语言学Thestudyofthecomprehension,production,andacquisitionoflanguage.21.Aphasia失语症Alanguageorspeechdisordercausedbybraindamage.22.Behaviorism行为主义Thedoctrinethatstatesthattheproperconcernofpsychologyshouldbetheobjectivestudyofbehaviorratherthanthestudyofthemind.23.Distinctivefeatures显著特征Thespecificationofthedifferencesbetweenspeechsoundsintermsofindividualcontrasts.24.Observationaladequacy观察充分性Theextenttowhichagrammarcandistinguishbetweenacceptanceandunacceptancestringsofwords.Seealsodescriptiveadequacyandexplanatoryadequacy.25.Descriptiveadequacy描写充分性Theextenttowhichagrammarcanprovideastructuraldescriptionofasentence.26.Explanatoryadequacy解释充分性Theextenttowhichaagrammarcanexplainthefactsoflanguageacquisition.Seealsodescriptiveadequacyandobservationaladequacy.27.Transformational-generativegrammar转换生成语法书上P3328.Psychologicalreality心理现实性P4029.Coregrammar核心语法？30.Workingmemory工作记忆区Aformofmemorywithbothstorageandprocessingfunctions.Workingmemoryisusedtoholdinformationforashortperiodoftimeaswellastoperformvariousoperationsonthestoredinformation.31.Memoryspan记忆广度Aperson'smemoryspanisthenumberofitemsthatcanbereliablyrecalledinthecorrectorder.32.Episodicmemory情景记忆Thedivisionofpermanentmemmoryinwhichpersonallyexperiencedinformationisstored.33.Semanticmemory语义记忆Theportionofpermanentmemorythatcontainsorganizedknowledgeofwords,concepts,symbols,andobjects.Seealsointernallexicon.34.Parallelprocessing平行加工Whentwoormoreprocesssestakeplaceatthesametime.35.Categoricalperception范畴听辨Thedisabliltytodiscriminatesoundswithinaphonemiccategory.36.Semanticnetwork语义网络Amodelofsemanticmemoryinwhichwordsarerepresentedasnodesandconnectedtoothernodesbyvarioussemanticrelationships.37.Typicalityeffect典型性效应ThefactthatittakeslongertoverifyastatementoftheformAnAisaBwhenAisnottypicalorcharacteristicofB.38.Logogen词汇发生Structureintheinternallexiconthatspecifiesthevariousattributes(semantic,orthographic,andsoon)ofaword.39.CohortModel群模型Amodelofauditorywordrecognitioninwhichlistenersareassumedtodevelopagroupofcandidates,awordinitialcohort,andthendeterminewhichmemberofthatcohortcorrespondstothepresentedword.40.Semanticpriming语义启动Anexperimentalprocedureinwhichonewordispresentedinadvanceofanother,targetword,whichreducesthetimeneededtoretrieveoractivatethetargetword.41.Parsing句法分析Theprocessofassigningwordsintogrammaticalcategories.42.Minimalattachmentstrategy最少接触策略Aprincipleusedinparsing.Itstatesthatwepreferattachingnewitemsintothephrasemarkerbeingconstructedusingthefewestsyntacticnodesconsistentwiththerulesofthelanguage.43.Coherence连贯Thedegreetowhichdifferentpartsofatextareconnectedtooneanother.Coherenceexitsatbothlocalandgloballevelsofdiscourse.44.Anaphoricreference回指Aformofreferencecohesioninwhichonelinguisticexpressionrefersbacktopriorinformationindiscourse.45.Schema图式(pl.schemata)Astructureinsemanticmemorythatspecifiestheexpectedsequenceofenvents.",)