大学生英语四级真题试题(一),大学生英语四级真题在线

('PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstartingacareeraftergraduation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartReadingComprehensionⅢ(40minutes)SectionAMillionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26__occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27__withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28__likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained29__overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30__itasan“urgentcalltoaction.”“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31__,”hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32__nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33__experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34__tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel(柴油)35__havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.A)abilityB)associatedC)consciouslyD)constantE)controlF)damageG)describedH)equalsI)exclusivelyJ)innovatedK)regularlyL)relatesM)sourcesN)undermineO)vehiclesSectionBFood-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress[A]Severaltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph’smarketinHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy.“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”[B]ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter’s‘ShopwithYourDoc’programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni(通心粉)-and-cheeseboxesinScott’sshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese.“SoI’dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit.“I’mnotsurethey’deatit.Theyjustwon’teatit.”[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,”Nadeautellsher.“Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.[E]NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit’smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications(药物).Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithyourDoc’,theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There’snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,”Nadeausays.[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood,”saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital’smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey’reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives.”[G]InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges.Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation’shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.[H]“It’sadifferentparadigm(范式)ofhowtotreatdisease,”saysDr.BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthefamilyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients’nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.[I]Manypeopledon’tknowhowtocook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransformapatient’slife.Andbeyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient’sfamily.“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”Reasays.“Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease.”[J]Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation(炎症),forexample,ormakethebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddiet—particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.[K]“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,”saysNguyen.“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”36.MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.38.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.41.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.42.Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood.44.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.45.Americans’highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.SectionCPassageOneCaliforniahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumpingpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted(抽取).TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers(地下蓄水层)belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating(脱盐)theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.46.HowcouldCalifornia’sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?A)Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.C)Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.D)Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.47.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifers?A)Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.B)Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.C)Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.D)Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.48.Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground?A)Thesinkingoflandsurface.B)Theharmtotheecosystem.C)Thedamagetoaquifers.D)Thechangeoftheclimate.49.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?A)Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.B)Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.C)Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.D)Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.50.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?A)People’shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.B)People’swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.C)Thecostmaygoupduetodesalination.D)Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.PassageTwoTheAlphaGoprogram’svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.Butcanartificialintelligence(AI)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?OneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo’striumph,Microsoft’s‘chatbot’tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo’svictoryandTaylor’sdefeathappenedataboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.ItisonethingtouseAIwithinagamewithclearrulesandcleargoals.ItissomethingverydifferenttouseAIintherealworld.Theunpredictabilityoftherealworldmaybringtothesurfaceatroublingsoftwareproblem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesofGoogle,whichownAlphoGo.HethinksAIwillbepositiveforhumans.Hesaidpeoplewillbethewinner,whatevertheoutcome.AdvancesinAIwillmakehumanbeingssmarter,moreableand“justbetterhumanbeings.”51.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoshowwiththeexampleofAlphaGo’svictory?A)Computerswillprevailoverhumanbeings.B)Computershaveunmatchedpotential.C)Computersareman’spotentialrivals.D)Computerscanbecomehighlyintelligent.52.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyAImachinesactingethically?A)Theyarecapableofpredictingpossiblerisks.B)Theyweighthegainsandlossesbeforereachingadecision.C)Theymakesensibledecisionswhenfacingmoraldilemmas.D)Theysacrificeeverythingtosavehumanlives.53.WhatissaidtobethebiggerchallengefacinghumansintheAIage?A)Howtomakesuper-intelligentAImachinessharehumanfeelings.B)Howtoensurethatsuper-intelligentAImachinesactethically.C)HowtopreventAImachinesdoingharmtohumans.D)Howtoavoidbeingover-dependentonAImachines.54.WhatdowelearnaboutMicrosoft’s‘chatbot’Taylor?A)Shecouldnotdistinguishgoodfrombad.B)Shecouldturnherselfoffwhennecessary.C)Shewasnotmadetohandlenovelsituations.D)Shewasgoodatperformingroutinetasks.55.WhatdoesEricSchmidtthinkofartificialintelligence?A)Itwillbefarsuperiortohumanbeings.B)Itwillkeepimprovingastimegoesby.C)Itwillprovetobeanassettohumanbeings.D)Itwillbeheretostaywhatevertheoutcome.PartIVTranslation(30minutes)由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他形式的文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。参考答案PartIWritingTheChallengesofStartingaCareerafterGraduationFacingtherisingemploymentpressure,ahostofcollegegraduateschoosetostartacareerinsteadoflookingforaregularjobinacompany.Asweallknowthat,startingacareerisbeneficialtorealizeone’sowndreamsandvalue.However,itisalsowidelyacknowledgedthatstatingacareerwillbeinevitablyconfrontedwithnumerouschallenges.Whenitcomestothechallengesthatwemaymeetintheprocessofstartingacareer,themainonescanbelistedasfollows.Firstofall,asfreshmenwhohavejustenteredintothesociety,itisobviousthatcollegegraduateslackrelatedexperience,whichwillincreasetherateoffailuretheymayencounterduringstartingacareer.Beingshortofentrepreneurialexperienceisoneofdifficultiesthatcollegegraduatesneedtoovercome.Inaddition,thecollectionofmoneyisanotherproblemtheyshouldsolveurgently.Otherwise,thereisnopossibilityofstartingacareer.Althoughstartingacareeraftergraduationhassomanychallengestobesolved,collegegraduatesstillneedtakeapositiveattitudetowardsit.Moreover,prudentconsiderationandentrepreneurialspiritarealsonecessaryforgraduatestostartacareer.PartReadingComprehensionⅢ26.F27.B28.M29.D30.G31.E32.H33.K34.I35.O36.D37.B38.G39.A40.I41.F42.C43.J44.E45.G46.B47.B48.A49.D50.C51.D52.B53.B54.A55.CPartIVTranslationDuetotherapiddevelopmentofcommunicationnetwork,thenumberofChinesesmartphoneusershasgrownatanalarmingrateinrecentyears.Thishasdramaticallychangedthewaysofreadingformanypeople.Theynowoftenreadnewsandarticlesontheirsmartphonesinsteadofbuyingtraditionalnewspapers.Thedevelopmentofalargenumberofmobileapplicationsenablespeopletoreadnovelsandotherformsofliteratureworksontheirmobilephones.Therefore,thesaleofpaperbookshasbeenaffected.Butthesurveyshowsthatdespitethesteadygrowthofthemobilephones’readingmarket,morethanhalfofadultsstillliketoreadpaperbooks.',)