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资料:英语合同翻译说明,英语商务合同翻译

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资料:英语合同翻译说明


('1Contract与Agreement的有无区别在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:AcontactinthisLawreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。,StevenH.Gifts编著的“LawDictionary”中将contract定义为“contractisapromise,orasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesremedy,ortheperformanceofthewhichthelawinsomewayrecognizeasaduty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。L.BCurzon在其编撰的字典“ADictionaryofLaw”给contract的定义:“Contractisalegallybindingagreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“Contractisanagreement”,即可将合同说成是“Anagreementwhichbindsthepartiesconcerned”或者说合同说成是“Anagreementwhichisenforceablebylaw”,也可以说:Contractsarepromisesthatthelawwillenforce。何谓“Agreement”?L.B“Aconsensusofmind,orevidenceofsuchconsensus,inspokeorwrittenform,relatingtoanythingdoneortobedone.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black"LawDictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“Aconcordofunderstandingandintentionbetweentwoormorepartieswithrespecttotheeffectupontheirrelativerightsandduties,ofcertainpastorfuturefactsorperformance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是:“Theconsentoftwoormorepersonsconcurringrespectingthetransmissionofsomeproperty,rightorbenefits,withtheviewofcontactinganobligation,amutualobligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。2L.BCurzon编著的“ADictionofLaw”提到:“Contractgenerallyinvolves”1.offerandabsoluteandunqualifiedacceptance(要约和绝对接受)2.consensusadidem(意思表示一致,也叫meetingofminds)3.intentiontocreatelegalrelations(建立合同关系的意愿)4.genuinenessofconsent(同意的真实性)5.contractualcapacityoftheparties(合同当事人的缔约能力)6.legalityofobject(标的物的合法性)7.possibilityofperformance(履行的可能性)8.certaintyofterms(条款的确定性)9.valuableconsideration(等价有偿)Black\'LawDictionary"中解释道:Althoughoftenusedassynonymswith"contract",agreementisabroaderterm,e.g.anagreementmightlackanessentialelementofacontact."即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词,但“协议”这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essentialclauses/provisions)。实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(Generalprovisions)。,1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:1.titleornameanddomicileoftheparities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)2.contractobject(标的)3.quantity(数量)4.quality(质量)5.priceorremuneration(价款或者报酬)6.timelimit,placeandmethodofperformance(履行期限、地点和方式)7.liabilityforbreachofcontract(违约责任)8.methodstosettledisputes(解决争议的方法)上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。结构特点合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:3Thisagreement/contractismadeandenteredintothis____dayof_____(month),_______(year)byandbetweenPartyA(hereinaftercalled"PartyA")andPartyB(hereinaftercalled"PartyB")然后是开始陈述:WHEREAS…THEREFORE…Itisherebyagreedasfollows:或以:WITNESSETH,WHEREAS…NOWTHEREFORE,forandinconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows:接着是正文,最后是证明部分:INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohavehereuntosettheirhandsthedayandyearsfirstabovewritten.随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。A.新加坡AgreementTHISAGREEMENTismadethe9thdayofAugust,2001betweenLUCKYINTERNATIONALLTD,acompanyincorporatedinSingaporeandhavingitsregisteredofficeatTelekBlongarRise,Singapore19569(hereinfatercalled"TheCompany")ofthepartandJACKWong(NRICNo._________/A)of108OrcharRoad,Singapore01688(hereinaftercalled"TheMangager")oftheotherpart.WHEREAS:1.ThecompanyisengagedinITbusinessandrequiresapersonwiththenecessaryqualificationsandexperiencetomanageitsbusiness.2.….NOWITISHEREBYAGREEDasfollows:41.ThecompanyshallemploytheManagerandtheManagershallservetheCompanyasmanageroftheCompany\'sITbusinessforaperiodoftwoyearscommencingon1stdayofSeptember2.….INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohavesettheirhandthedayandyearfirstabovewritten.THESCHEDULEABOVEREFERREDTODutiesofManger1.Tomanage,maintainandpromotethebusinessoftheCompany.2.3.SIGNEDbyRogerTanForandonbehalfofLUCKYINTERANTIONALLTDInthepresenceofSIGNEDbyTERESAWONGInthepresenceof新加坡的通用合同分五部分:第一部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:THISAGREEMENTismadethe---------__________dayof_____(month),____(year)betweenA_______(hereinaftercalled"TheCompany")ofthepartandB______,(hereinaftercalled"TheManager")oftheotherpart.句子开头THISAGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“havingitsregisteredofficeat”和其后注册地址相连。第二部分:称为recital。以WHEREAS开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。5第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohavesettheirhandthedayandyearfirstabovewritten.这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“SIGNEDby__”英文写作翻译连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“Inthepresenceof____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNEDforandonbehalf_____of____”,然后才是Inthepresenceof_______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个Inthepresenceof_______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达AsWitnessourHandsthis_____dayof_____,intheyearofourLordTowThousandandOne.Signed,sealed,anddeliveredbytheabovenamedInthepresenceofSignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。B.美国APPOINTMENTASCONTRACTFULL-TIMESENIORCUSTOMSADMINISTRATORANAGREEMENTFORSERVICESmadethe1stdayofSeptember,2000between______of_____(address)(hereinafterreferredtoas"theCompany")asonepartandMr._______of_______(address)(hereinafterreferredtoastheContractor)oftheotherpart.WHEREBYITISAGREEDANDDECLAREDASFOLLOWS:1.THATtheCompanyshall…62.Thisagreementshallcommenceon….3.4.INWITNESSWHEREOF,bothpartiessettheirhandsonthedatehereinmentionedSIGNEDBYName:Designation:Forandonbehalfof:(signature)Contractor:Designation:Forandonbehalfof:(signature)本合同分为四个大部分(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基本相同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position).C.香港CONTRACTCONTACTNO.SIGNINGDATE/PLACETHEBUYER:NameLegalAddressContactTHESELLER:NameLegalAddress7ContactThiscontractismadebyandbetweentheBuyerandtheSeller.WherebytheBuyeragreesobuyandtheSelleragreestoselltheunder-mentionedcommodityaccordingtothetermsandconditions.1.NAMEOFCOMMODITYANDSCOPEOFTHECONTRACT2.PRICE3.PAYMENT译4.PACKING5.INWITHNESSWHEREOF,thiscontracthasbeenexecutedeffectiveasofthedatefirstabovewritten.THEBUYERTHESELLER______________________By:__________By:__________Date:------------_________Date:------------_________THEENDUSER___________By:__________Date:--------____-_________比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNEDBY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。D.日本SERVICEAGREEMENTThisagreementismadeandenteredintoonMarch1st,2001,byandbetween______LTD(hereinafterreferredtoas"PARTYA"),and________CO.,LTD.((hereinafterreferredtoas"PARTY8B")WITNESSTH:WHEREAS,PARTYBhasrequestedbyPARTYAtodispatchitspersonalforthepurposeof_______toPARTYb;andWHEREAS,(PARTYAiswillingtodispatchitspersonneltPARTYBinresponsetosuchPARTYB\'srequest)NOW,THEREFORE,inconsiderationofthemutualpromisesandcovenantshereincontained,thepartiesheretoagreeasfollows:1.2.3.INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohavecausedthisAgreementtobeexecutedbytheirrespectivedulyauthorizedofficersasofthedatefirstherinabovewritten.______Ltd.________Co.,Ltd.(signature)(signature)MANAGINGDIRECTORMANAGINGDIRECTOR该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同最大的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNEDBY项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。用词特点(formalterm)合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:1.May,shall,must,maynot(或shallnot)的使用,May,shall,must,maynot(或shallnot)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。may旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),9must用于强制性义务(必须做什么),maynot(或shallnot)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。Maydo不能说成cando,shalldo,不能说成shoulddo或oughttodo,maynotdo在美国一些法律文件可以用shallnot,但绝不能用cannotdo或mustnot)例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofall,settleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople\'sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。2.正式用语(formalterm)合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:“因为”的短语多用“byvirtueof",远远多于“dueto”一般不用“becauseof”;“财务年度末”一般用“atthecloseofthefiscalyear”,而不用“intheendofthefiscalyear”;“在……之前”一般用“priorto”,而不用“before”;“关于”常用“asregards”,“concerning”或“relatingto”,而不会用“about”;“事实上”用“ineffect”,而不用“infact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;“停止做”用“ceasetodo”,而不用“stoptodo”;“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:Themeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedbysb.其中“召开”不用“hold或call”,而用“convene”;“主持”不用“chair”或“beinchargeof”,而用“preside”;10“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“othermatters/events”;“理解合同”用“construeacontract”或“comprehendacontract”,而不用“understandacontract”;“认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;“愿意做”用“intendtodo”或“desiretodo”,而不用“wanttodo”,“wishtodo”。三、用词专业(technicalterms)合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、forcemajuere/ActofGod、jurisdiction、damageand/orloss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafterreferredtoas,whereas,inwitnesswhereof,forandonbehalfof,hereby,thereof等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:“赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”“不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transferofrealestate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“leaseofproperty”“停业”用“windupabusiness”或“cease(名词是cessation)abusiness”,而不用“end/stopabusiness”专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”,“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”以实物出资为“investmentinkind”“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuanttoprovisionscontainedherein”或“asprovidedherein”等,不说“accordingtorelevanttermsandconditionsinthecontract”“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neitherpartyheretomayassignthiscontract”,其中“hereto”表示“tothecontract”,选用“Neitherpartytothecontract”较少。3.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列FORvalueRECEIVED,theundersigneddoesherebysell,transfer,assignandsetoverto______allhisright,tileandinterestinandtoacertaincontractdated______,19____byandbetweenthe11undersignedand______,acopyofwhichisannexedhereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell,transfer,assignandsetover,right和tileandinterest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:ThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.句中“madeandenteredinto”和“byandbetween”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。Forandinconsiderationofmutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows:句中“forandinconsiderationof”,“covenantsandagreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。ThepartieshaveagreedtovarytheManagementonthetermsandsubjecttotheconditionscontainedherein.这里的“ontheterms”和“subjecttotheconditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“termsandconditions”再例如:“PartyAwishestobereleasedanddischargedfromagreementasfromtheeffectivedate”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。并列的词还有:shipsandvesselssupportandmaintenancelicensesandpermitscharges,fees,costsandexpensesanyandallanyduties,obligationsorliabilitiesthepartners,theirheirs,successorsandassignscontrolandmanagementofthepartnershipapplicablelaws,regulations,decrees,directives,andrules5.拉丁词在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见:比例税率:用proratetaxrate要比proportionaltaxrate多从事慈善性服务的律师:probonolawyer,不怎么用lawyerengagedincharitablelegalassistance委托代理人:多用agentadlitem。12From:http://www.hxen.com/word/changyong/2009-01-03/64939.html',)


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