联合国国际货物销售合同公约英文

('.联合国国际货物销售合同公约(英文)unitednationsconventiononcontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoods--------------------------------------------------------------------------------thestatespartiestothisconvention,bearinginmindthebroadobjectivesintheresolutionsadoptedbythesixthspecialsessionofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednationsontheestablishmentofanewinternationaleconomicorder,consideringthatthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefitisanimportantelementinpromotingfriendlyrelationsamongstates,beingoftheopinionthattheadoptionofuniformruleswhichgoverncontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtakeintoaccountthedifferentsocial,economicandlegalsystemswouldcontributetotheremovaloflegalbarriersininternationaltradeandpromotethedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,havedecreedasfollows:partisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionspartiiformationofthecontractpartiiisaleofgoodspartivfinalprovisionspartisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionschapterisphereofapplicationarticle1(1)thisconventionappliestocontractsofsaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentstates:(a)whenthestatesarecontractingstates;or(b)whentherulesofprivateinternationallawleadtotheapplicationofthelawofacontractingstate..v.(2)thefactthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstatesistobedisregardedwheneverthisfactdoesnotappeareitherfromthecontractorfromanydealingsbetween,orfrominformationdisclosedby,thepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract.(3)neitherthenationalityofthepartiesnorthecivilormercialcharacterofthepartiesorofthecontractistobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheapplicationofthisconvention.article2thisconventiondoesnotapplytosales:(a)ofgoodsboughtforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse,unlesstheseller,atanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract,neitherknewnoroughttohaveknownthatthegoodswereboughtforanysuchuse;(b)byauction;(c)onexecutionorotherwisebyauthorityoflaw;(d)ofstocks,shares,investmentsecurities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney;(e)ofships,vessels,hovercraftoraircraft;(f)ofelectricity.article3(1)contractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedaretobeconsideredsalesunlessthepartywhoordersthegoodsundertakestosupplyasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction.(2)thisconventiondoesnotapplytocontractsinwhichthepreponderantpartoftheobligationsofthepartywhofurnishesthegoodsconsistsinthesupplyoflabourorotherservices.article4thisconventiongovernsonlytheformationofthecontractofsaleandtherightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerarisingfromsuchacontract.inparticular,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisconvention,itisnotconcernedwith:(a)thevalidityofthecontractorofanyofitsprovisionsorofanyusage;(b)theeffectwhichthecontractmayhaveonthepropertyinthegoodssold..v.article5thisconventiondoesnotapplytotheliabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoodstoanyperson.article6thepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofthisconventionor,subjecttoarticle12,derogatefromorvarytheeffectofanyofitsprovisions.chapteriigeneralprovisionsarticle7(1)intheinterpretationofthisconvention,regardistobehadtoitsinternationalcharacterandtotheneedtopromoteuniformityinitsapplicationandtheobservanceofgoodfaithininternationaltrade.(2)questionsconcerningmattersgovernedbythisconventionwhicharenotexpresslysettledinitaretobesettledinconformitywiththegeneralprinciplesonwhichitisbasedor,intheabsenceofsuchprinciples,inconformitywiththelawapplicablebyvirtueoftherulesofprivateinternationallaw.article8(1)forthepurposesofthisconventionstatementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtohisintentwheretheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawarewhatthatintentwas.(2)iftheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,statementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtotheunderstandingthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldhavehadinthesamecircumstances.(3)indeterminingtheintentofapartyortheunderstandingareasonablepersonwouldhavehad,dueconsiderationistobegiventoallrelevantcircumstancesofthecaseincludingthenegotiations,anypracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves,usagesandanysubsequentconductoftheparties.article9(1)thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticeswhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.(2)thepartiesareconsidered,unlessotherwiseagreed,tohaveimpliedlymadeapplicabletotheircontractoritsformationausageofwhichthepartieskneworoughttohaveknow.v.nandwhichininternationaltradeiswidelyknownto,andregularlyobservedby,partiestocontractsofthetypeinvolvedintheparticulartradeconcerned.article10forthepurposesofthisconvention:(a)ifapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,theplaceofbusinessisthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptothecontractanditsperformance,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;(b)ifapartydoesnothaveaplaceofbusiness,referenceistobemadetohishabitualresidence.article11acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.article12anyprovisionofarticle11,article29orpartiiofthisconventionthatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptanceorotherindicationofintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwritingdoesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinacontractingstatewhichhasmadeadeclarationunderarticle96ofthisconvention.thepartiesmaynotderogatefromorvarytheeffectorthisarticle.article13forthepurposesofthisconvention"writing"includestelegramandtelex.partiiformationofthecontractarticle14(1)aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.(2)aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal..v.article15(1)anofferbeeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(2)anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.article16(1)untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.(2)however,anoffercannotberevoked:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.article17anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.article18(1)astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.(2)anacceptanceofanofferbeeseffectiveatthemomenttheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimehehasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletime,dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumstancesofthetransaction,includingtherapidityofthemeansofmunicationemployedbytheofferor.anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.(3)however,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact,suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice,withoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithintheperiodoftimelaiddownintheprecedingparagraph.article19.v.(1)areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.(2)however,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.(3)additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofonepartysliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.article20(1)aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorinatelegramoraletterbeginstorunfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatchorfromthedateshownontheletteror,ifnosuchdateisshown,fromthedateshownontheenvelope.aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorbytelephone,telexorothermeansofinstantaneousmunication,beginstorunfromthemomentthattheofferreachestheofferee.(2)officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringtheperiodforacceptanceareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.however,ifanoticeofacceptancecannotbedeliveredattheaddressoftheofferoronthelastdayoftheperiodbecausethatdayfallsonanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessoftheofferor,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessdaywhichfollows.article21(1)alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.(2)ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.article22anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebeeeffective.article23.v.acontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbeeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention.article24forthepurposesofthispartoftheconvention,anoffer,declarationofacceptanceoranyotherindicationofintention"reaches"theaddresseewhenitismadeorallytohimordeliveredbyanyothermeanstohimpersonally,tohisplaceofbusinessormailingaddressor,ifhedoesnothaveaplaceofbusinessormailingaddress,tohishabitualresidence.partiiisaleofgoodschapterigeneralprovisionsarticle25abreachofcontractmittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.article26adeclarationofavoidanceofthecontractiseffectiveonlyifmadebynoticetotheotherparty.article27unlessotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthispartoftheconvention,ifanynotice,requestorothermunicationisgivenormadebyapartyinaccordancewiththispartandbymeansappropriateinthecircumstances,adelayorerrorinthetransmissionofthemunicationoritsfailuretoarrivedoesnotdeprivethatpartyoftherighttorelyonthemunication.article28if,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention,onepartyisentitledtorequireperformanceofanyobligationbytheotherparty,acourtisnotboundtoenterajudgementforspecificperformanceunlessthecourtwoulddosounderitsownlawinrespectofsimilarcontractsofsalenotgovernedbythisconvention.article29(1)acontractmaybemodifiedorterminatedbythemereagreementoftheparties.(2)acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaprovisionrequiringanymodificationortermina.v.tionbyagreementtobeinwritingmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminatedbyagreement.however,apartymaybeprecludedbyhisconductfromassertingsuchaprovisiontotheextentthattheotherpartyhasreliedonthatconduct.chapteriiobligationsofthesellerarticle30thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisconvention.sectioni.deliveryofthegoodsandhandingoverofdocumentsarticle31ifthesellerisnotboundtodeliverthegoodsatanyotherparticularplace,hisobligationtodeliverconsists:(a)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoods-inhandingthegoodsovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyer;(b)if,incasesnotwithintheprecedingsubparagraph,thecontractrelatestospecificgoods,orunidentifiedgoodstobedrawnfromaspecificstockortobemanufacturedorproduced,andatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthepartiesknewthatthegoodswereat,orweretobemanufacturedorproducedat,aparticularplace-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyersdisposalatthatplace;(c)inothercases-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyersdisposalattheplacewherethesellerhadhisplaceofbusinessatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.article32(1)iftheseller,inaccordancewiththecontractorthisconvention,handsthegoodsovertoacarrierandifthegoodsarenotclearlyidentifiedtothecontractbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocumentsorotherwise,thesellermustgivethebuyernoticeoftheconsignmentspecifyingthegoods.(2)ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation.(3)ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofthegoods,hemust,atthebuyersrequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.article33.v.thesellermustdeliverthegoods:(a)ifadateisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,onthatdate;(b)ifaperiodoftimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atanytimewithinthatperiodunlesscircumstancesindicatethatthebuyeristochooseadate;or(c)inanyothercase,withinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontract.article34ifthesellerisboundtohandoverdocumentsrelatingtothegoods,hemusthandthemoveratthetimeandplaceandintheformrequiredbythecontract.ifthesellerhashandedoverdocumentsbeforethattime,hemay,uptothattime,cureanylackofconformityinthedocuments,iftheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.sectionii.conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaimsarticle35(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.(2)exceptwherethepartieshaveagreedotherwise,thegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractunlessthey:(a)arefitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused;(b)arefitforanyparticularpurposeexpresslyorimpliedlymadeknowntotheselleratthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,exceptwherethecircumstancesshowthatthebuyerdidnotrely,orthatitwasunreasonableforhimtorely,onthesellersskillandjudgement;(c)possessthequalitiesofgoodswhichthesellerhasheldouttothebuyerasasampleormodel;(d)arecontainedorpackagedinthemannerusualforsuchgoodsor,wherethereisnosuchmanner,inamanneradequatetopreserveandprotectthegoods.(3)thesellerisnotliableundersubparagraphs(a)to(d)oftheprecedingparagraphforanylackofconformityofthegoodsifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyer.v.kneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity.article36(1)thesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconventionforanylackofconformitywhichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybeesapparentonlyafterthattime.(2)thesellerisalsoliableforanylackofconformitywhichoccursafterthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.article37ifthesellerhasdeliveredgoodsbeforethedatefordelivery,hemay,uptothatdate,deliveranymissingpartormakeupanydeficiencyinthequantityofthegoodsdelivered,ordelivergoodsinreplacementofanynon-conforminggoodsdeliveredorremedyanylackofconformityinthegoodsdelivered,providedthattheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.article38(1)thebuyermustexaminethegoods,orcausethemtobeexamined,withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances.(2)ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedattheirdestination.(3)ifthegoodsareredirectedintransitorredispatchedbythebuyerwithoutareasonableopportunityforexaminationbyhimandatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthepossibilityofsuchredirectionorredispatch,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedatthenewdestination.article39(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit.(2)inanyevent,thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer,unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee..v.article40thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsofarticles38and39ifthelackofconformityrelatestofactsofwhichhekneworcouldnothavebeenunawareandwhichhedidnotdisclosetothebuyer.article41thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttothatrightorclaim.however,ifsuchrightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,thesellersobligationisgovernedbyarticle42.article42(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdpartybasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,ofwhichatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware,providedthattherightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty:(a)underthelawofthestatewherethegoodswillberesoldorotherwiseused,ifitwascontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthatthegoodswouldberesoldorotherwiseusedinthatstate;or(b)inanyothercase,underthelawofthestatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness.(2)theobligationofthesellerundertheprecedingparagraphdoesnotextendtocaseswhere:(a)atthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareoftherightorclaim;or(b)therightorclaimresultsfromthesellerspliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulaeorothersuchspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer.article43(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyontheprovisionsofarticle41orarticle42ifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasbeeawareoroughttohavebeeawareoftherightorclaim.(2)thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraphifheknewoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartyandthenatureofit..v.article44notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofarticle39andparagraph(1)ofarticle43,thebuyermayreducethepriceinaccordancewitharticle50orclaimdamages,exceptforlossofprofit,ifhehasareasonableexcuseforhisfailuretogivetherequirednotice.sectioniii.remediesforbreachofcontractbythesellerarticle45(1)ifthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconvention,thebuyermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.article46(1)thebuyermayrequireperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsunlessthebuyerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.(2)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequiredeliveryofsubstitutegoodsonlyifthelackofconformityconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractandarequestforsubstitutegoodsismadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.(3)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequirethesellertoremedythelackofconformitybyrepair,unlessthisisunreasonablehavingregardtoallthecircumstances.arequestforrepairmustbemadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.article47(1)thebuyermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythesellerofhisobligations.(2)unlessthebuyerhasreceivednoticefromthesellerthathewillnotperformwithinthe.v.periodsofixed,thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.however,thebuyerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.article48(1)subjecttoarticle49,thesellermay,evenafterthedatefordelivery,remedyathisownexpenseanyfailuretoperformhisobligations,ifhecandosowithoutunreasonabledelayandwithoutcausingthebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceoruncertaintyofreimbursementbythesellerofexpensesadvancedbythebuyer.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.(2)ifthesellerrequeststhebuyertomakeknownwhetherhewillacceptperformanceandthebuyerdoesnotplywiththerequestwithinareasonabletime,thesellermayperformwithinthetimeindicatedinhisrequest.thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiodoftime,resorttoanyremedywhichisinconsistentwithperformancebytheseller.(3)anoticebythesellerthathewillperformwithinaspecifiedperiodoftimeisassumedtoincludearequest,undertheprecedingparagraph,thatthebuyermakeknownhisdecision.(4)arequestornoticebythesellerunderparagraph(2)or(3)ofthisarticleisnoteffectiveunlessreceivedbythebuyer.article49(1)thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnotdeliverwithintheperiodsofixed.(2)however,incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods,thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflatedelivery,withinareasonabletimeafterhehasbeeawarethatdeliveryhasbeenmade;(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlatedelivery,withinareasonabletime:(i)afterhekneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordance.v.withparagraph(1)ofarticle47,orafterthesellerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod;or(iii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimeindicatedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(2)ofarticle48,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotacceptperformance.article50ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractandwhetherornotthepricehasalreadybeenpaid,thebuyermayreducethepriceinthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime.however,ifthesellerremediesanyfailuretoperformhisobligationsinaccordancewitharticle37orarticle48orifthebuyerrefusestoacceptperformancebythesellerinaccordancewiththosearticles,thebuyermaynotreducetheprice.article51(1)ifthesellerdeliversonlyapartofthegoodsorifonlyapartofthegoodsdeliveredisinconformitywiththecontract,articles46to50applyinrespectofthepartwhichismissingorwhichdoesnotconform.(2)thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoidedinitsentiretyonlyifthefailuretomakedeliverypletelyorinconformitywiththecontractamountstoafundamentalbreachofthecontract.article52(1)ifthesellerdeliversthegoodsbeforethedatefixed,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedelivery.(2)ifthesellerdeliversaquantityofgoodsgreaterthanthatprovidedforinthecontract,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedeliveryoftheexcessquantity.ifthebuyertakesdeliveryofallorpartoftheexcessquantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractrate.chapteriiiobligationsofthebuyerarticle53thebuyermustpaythepriceforthegoodsandtakedeliveryofthemasrequiredbythecontractandthisconvention.sectioni.paymentofthepricearticle54.v.thebuyersobligationtopaythepriceincludestakingsuchstepsandplyingwithsuchformalitiesasmayberequiredunderthecontractoranylawsandregulationstoenablepaymenttobemade.article55whereacontracthasbeenvalidlyconcludedbutdoesnotexpresslyorimplicitlyfixormakeprovisionfordeterminingtheprice,thepartiesareconsidered,intheabsenceofanyindicationtothecontrary,tohaveimpliedlymadereferencetothepricegenerallychargedatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractforsuchgoodssoldunderparablecircumstancesinthetradeconcerned.article56律师365ifthepriceisfixedaccordingtotheweightofthegoods,incaseofdoubtitistobedeterminedbythenetweight.article57(1)ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherparticularplace,hemustpayittotheseller:(a)atthesellersplaceofbusiness;or(b)ifthepaymentistobemadeagainstthehandingoverofthegoodsorofdocuments,attheplacewherethehandingovertakesplace.(2)thesellermustbearanyincreasesintheexpensesincidentaltopaymentwhichiscausedbyachangeinhisplaceofbusinesssubsequenttotheconclusionofthecontract.article58(1)ifthebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceatanyotherspecifictime,hemustpayitwhenthesellerplaceseitherthegoodsordocumentscontrollingtheirdispositionatthebuyersdisposalinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconvention.thesellermaymakesuchpaymentaconditionforhandingoverthegoodsordocuments.(2)ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,thesellermaydispatchthegoodsontermswherebythegoods,ordocumentscontrollingtheirdisposition,willnotbehandedovertothebuyerexceptagainstpaymentoftheprice.(3)thebuyerisnotboundtopaythepriceuntilhehashadanopportunitytoexaminethe.v.goods,unlesstheproceduresfordeliveryorpaymentagreeduponbythepartiesareinconsistentwithhishavingsuchanopportunity.article59thebuyermustpaythepriceonthedatefixedbyordeterminablefromthecontractandthisconventionwithouttheneedforanyrequestorpliancewithanyformalityonthepartoftheseller.sectionii.takingdeliveryarticle60thebuyersobligationtotakedeliveryconsists:(a)indoingalltheactswhichcouldreasonablybeexpectedofhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery;and(b)intakingoverthegoods.sectioniii.remediesforbreachofcontractbythebuyerarticle61(1)ifthebuyerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconvention,thesellermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles62to65;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)thesellerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothebuyerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthesellerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.article62thesellermayrequirethebuyertopaytheprice,takedeliveryorperformhisotherobligations,unlessthesellerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.article63(1)thesellermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformanceb.v.ythebuyerofhisobligations.(2)unlessthesellerhasreceivednoticefromthebuyerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thesellermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyremedyforbreachofcontract.however,thesellerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.article64(1)thesellermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythebuyertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)ifthebuyerdoesnot,withintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,performhisobligationtopaythepriceortakedeliveryofthegoods,orifhedeclaresthathewillnotdosowithintheperiodsofixed.(2)however,incaseswherethebuyerhaspaidtheprice,thesellerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflateperformancebythebuyer,beforethesellerhasbeeawarethatperformancehasbeenrendered;or(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlateperformancebythebuyer,withinareasonabletime:(i)afterthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;or(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle63,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod.article65(1)ifunderthecontractthebuyeristospecifytheform,measurementorotherfeaturesofthegoodsandhefailstomakesuchspecificationeitheronthedateagreeduponorwithinareasonabletimeafterreceiptofarequestfromtheseller,thesellermay,withoutprejudicetoanyotherrightshemayhave,makethespecificationhimselfinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthebuyerthatmaybeknowntohim.(2)ifthesellermakesthespecificationhimself,hemustinformthebuyerofthedetailsthereofandmustfixareasonabletimewithinwhichthebuyermaymakeadifferentspecification.if,afterreceiptofsuchamunication,thebuyerfailstodosowithinthetimesofixed,thespecificationmadebythesellerisbinding..v.chapterivpassingofriskarticle66lossofordamagetothegoodsaftertheriskhaspassedtothebuyerdoesnotdischargehimfromhisobligationtopaytheprice,unlessthelossordamageisduetoanactoromissionoftheseller.article67(1)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoodsandthesellerisnotboundtohandthemoverataparticularplace,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyerinaccordancewiththecontractofsale.ifthesellerisboundtohandthegoodsovertoacarrierataparticularplace,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsarehandedovertothecarrieratthatplace.thefactthatthesellerisauthorizedtoretaindocumentscontrollingthedispositionofthegoodsdoesnotaffectthepassageoftherisk.(2)nevertheless,theriskdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthegoodsareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract,whetherbymarkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocuments,bynoticegiventothebuyerorotherwise.article68theriskinrespectofgoodssoldintransitpassestothebuyerfromthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.however,ifthecircumstancessoindicate,theriskisassumedbythebuyerfromthetimethegoodswerehandedovertothecarrierwhoissuedthedocumentsembodyingthecontractofcarriage.nevertheless,ifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractofsalethesellerkneworoughttohaveknownthatthegoodshadbeenlostordamagedanddidnotdisclosethistothebuyer,thelossordamageisattheriskoftheseller.article69(1)incasesnotwithinarticles67and68,theriskpassestothebuyerwhenhetakesoverthegoodsor,ifhedoesnotdosoinduetime,fromthetimewhenthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalandhemitsabreachofcontractbyfailingtotakedelivery.(2)however,ifthebuyerisboundtotakeoverthegoodsataplaceotherthanaplaceofbusinessoftheseller,theriskpasseswhendeliveryisdueandthebuyerisawareofthefactthatthegoodsareplacedathisdisposalatthatplace.(3)ifthecontractrelatestogoodsnotthenidentified,thegoodsareconsiderednottobeplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeruntiltheyareclearlyidentifiedtothecontract.article70.v.ifthesellerhasmittedafundamentalbreachofcontract,articles67,68and69donotimpairtheremediesavailabletothebuyeronaccountofthebreach.chaptervprovisionsmontotheobligationsofthesellerandofthebuyersectioni.anticipatorybreachandinstalmentcontractsarticle71(1)apartymaysuspendtheperformanceofhisobligationsif,aftertheconclusionofthecontract,itbeesapparentthattheotherpartywillnotperformasubstantialpartofhisobligationsasaresultof:(a)aseriousdeficiencyinhisabilitytoperformorinhiscreditworthiness;or(b)hisconductinpreparingtoperformorinperformingthecontract.(2)ifthesellerhasalreadydispatchedthegoodsbeforethegroundsdescribedintheprecedingparagraphbeeevident,hemaypreventthehandingoverofthegoodstothebuyereventhoughthebuyerholdsadocumentwhichentitleshimtoobtainthem.thepresentparagraphrelatesonlytotherightsinthegoodsasbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.(3)apartysuspendingperformance,whetherbeforeorafterdispatchofthegoods,mustimmediatelygivenoticeofthesuspensiontotheotherpartyandmustcontinuewithperformanceiftheotherpartyprovidesadequateassuranceofhisperformance.article72(1)ifpriortothedateforperformanceofthecontractitisclearthatoneofthepartieswillmitafundamentalbreachofcontract,theotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoided.(2)iftimeallows,thepartyintendingtodeclarethecontractavoidedmustgivereasonablenoticetotheotherpartyinordertopermithimtoprovideadequateassuranceofhisperformance.(3)therequirementsoftheprecedingparagraphdonotapplyiftheotherpartyhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligations.article73(1)inthecaseofacontractfordeliveryofgoodsbyinstalments,ifthefailureofonepartytoperformanyofhisobligationsinrespectofanyinstalmentconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractwithrespecttothatinstalment,theotherpartymaydeclarethecontractavoidedwithrespecttothatinstalment..v.(2)ifonepartysfailuretoperformanyofhisobligationsinrespectofanyinstalmentgivestheotherpartygoodgroundstoconcludethatafundamentalbreachofcontractwilloccurwithrespecttofutureinstalments,hemaydeclarethecontractavoidedforthefuture,providedthathedoessowithinareasonabletime.(3)abuyerwhodeclaresthecontractavoidedinrespectofanydeliverymay,atthesametime,declareitavoidedinrespectofdeliveriesalreadymadeoroffuturedeliveriesif,byreasonoftheirinterdependence,thosedeliveriescouldnotbeusedforthepurposecontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.sectionii.damagesarticle74damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossofprofit,sufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach.suchdamagesmaynotexceedthelosswhichthepartyinbreachforesaworoughttohaveforeseenatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,inthelightofthefactsandmattersofwhichhethenkneworoughttohaveknown,asapossibleconsequenceofthebreachofcontract.article75ifthecontractisavoidedandif,inareasonablemannerandwithinareasonabletimeafteravoidance,thebuyerhasboughtgoodsinreplacementorthesellerhasresoldthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceinthesubstitutetransactionaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.article76(1)ifthecontractisavoidedandthereisacurrentpriceforthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmay,ifhehasnotmadeapurchaseorresaleunderarticle75,recoverthedifferencebetweenthepricefixedbythecontractandthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidanceaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.if,however,thepartyclaimingdamageshasavoidedthecontractaftertakingoverthegoods,thecurrentpriceatthetimeofsuchtakingovershallbeappliedinsteadofthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidance.(2)forthepurposesoftheprecedingparagraph,thecurrentpriceisthepriceprevailingattheplacewheredeliveryofthegoodsshouldhavebeenmadeor,ifthereisnocurrentpriceatthatplace,thepriceatsuchotherplaceasservesasareasonablesubstitute,makingdueallowancefordifferencesinthecostoftransportingthegoods.article77.v.apartywhoreliesonabreachofcontractmusttakesuchmeasuresasarereasonableinthecircumstancestomitigatetheloss,includinglossofprofit,resultingfromthebreach.ifhefailstotakesuchmeasures,thepartyinbreachmayclaimareductioninthedamagesintheamountbywhichthelossshouldhavebeenmitigated.sectioniii.interestarticle78ifapartyfailstopaythepriceoranyothersumthatisinarrears,theotherpartyisentitledtointerestonit,withoutprejudicetoanyclaimfordamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.sectioniv.exemptionsarticle79(1)apartyisnotliableforafailuretoperformanyofhisobligationsifheprovesthatthefailurewasduetoanimpedimentbeyondhiscontrolandthathecouldnotreasonablybeexpectedtohavetakentheimpedimentintoaccountatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractortohaveavoidedorovereitoritsconsequences.(2)ifthepartysfailureisduetothefailurebyathirdpersonwhomhehasengagedtoperformthewholeorapartofthecontract,thatpartyisexemptfromliabilityonlyif:(a)heisexemptundertheprecedingparagraph;and(b)thepersonwhomhehassoengagedwouldbesoexemptiftheprovisionsofthatparagraphwereappliedtohim.(3)theexemptionprovidedbythisarticlehaseffectfortheperiodduringwhichtheimpedimentexists.(4)thepartywhofailstoperformmustgivenoticetotheotherpartyoftheimpedimentanditseffectonhisabilitytoperform.ifthenoticeisnotreceivedbytheotherpartywithinareasonabletimeafterthepartywhofailstoperformkneworoughttohaveknownoftheimpediment,heisliablefordamagesresultingfromsuchnon-receipt.(5)nothinginthisarticlepreventseitherpartyfromexercisinganyrightotherthantoclaimdamagesunderthisconvention.article80apartymaynotrelyonafailureoftheotherpartytoperform,totheextentthatsuchfailurewascausedbythefirstpartysactoromission..v.sectionv.effectsofavoidancearticle81(1)avoidanceofthecontractreleasesbothpartiesfromtheirobligationsunderit,subjecttoanydamageswhichmaybedue.avoidancedoesnotaffectanyprovisionofthecontractforthesettlementofdisputesoranyotherprovisionofthecontractgoverningtherightsandobligationsofthepartiesconsequentupontheavoidanceofthecontract.(2)apartywhohasperformedthecontracteitherwhollyorinpartmayclaimrestitutionfromtheotherpartyofwhateverthefirstpartyhassuppliedorpaidunderthecontract.ifbothpartiesareboundtomakerestitution,theymustdosoconcurrently.article82(1)thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedortorequirethesellertodeliversubstitutegoodsifitisimpossibleforhimtomakerestitutionofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichhereceivedthem.(2)theprecedingparagraphdoesnotapply:(a)iftheimpossibilityofmakingrestitutionofthegoodsorofmakingrestitutionofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichthebuyerreceivedthemisnotduetohisactoromission;(b)ifthegoodsorpartofthegoodshaveperishedordeterioratedasaresultoftheexaminationprovidedforinarticle38;or(c)ifthegoodsorpartofthegoodshavebeensoldinthenormalcourseofbusinessorhavebeenconsumedortransformedbythebuyerinthecourseofnormalusebeforehediscoveredoroughttohavediscoveredthelackofconformity.article83abuyerwhohaslosttherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedortorequirethesellertodeliversubstitutegoodsinaccordancewitharticle82retainsallotherremediesunderthecontractandthisconvention.article84(1)ifthesellerisboundtorefundtheprice,hemustalsopayinterestonit,fromthedateonwhichthepricewaspaid.(2)thebuyermustaccounttothesellerforallbenefitswhichhehasderivedfromthegoodsorpartofthem:.v.(a)ifhemustmakerestitutionofthegoodsorpartofthem;or(b)ifitisimpossibleforhimtomakerestitutionofallorpartofthegoodsortomakerestitutionofallorpartofthegoodssubstantiallyintheconditioninwhichhereceivedthem,buthehasneverthelessdeclaredthecontractavoidedorrequiredthesellertodeliversubstitutegoods.sectionvi.preservationofthegoodsarticle85ifthebuyerisindelayintakingdeliveryofthegoodsor,wherepaymentofthepriceanddeliveryofthegoodsaretobemadeconcurrently,ifhefailstopaytheprice,andtheselleriseitherinpossessionofthegoodsorotherwiseabletocontroltheirdisposition,thesellermusttakesuchstepsasarereasonableinthecircumstancestopreservethem.heisentitledtoretainthemuntilhehasbeenreimbursedhisreasonableexpensesbythebuyer.article86(1)ifthebuyerhasreceivedthegoodsandintendstoexerciseanyrightunderthecontractorthisconventiontorejectthem,hemusttakesuchstepstopreservethemasarereasonableinthecircumstances.heisentitledtoretainthemuntilhehasbeenreimbursedhisreasonableexpensesbytheseller.(2)ifgoodsdispatchedtothebuyerhavebeenplacedathisdisposalattheirdestinationandheexercisestherighttorejectthem,hemusttakepossessionofthemonbehalfoftheseller,providedthatthiscanbedonewithoutpaymentofthepriceandwithoutunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.thisprovisiondoesnotapplyifthesellerorapersonauthorizedtotakechargeofthegoodsonhisbehalfispresentatthedestination.ifthebuyertakespossessionofthegoodsunderthisparagraph,hisrightsandobligationsaregovernedbytheprecedingparagraph.article87apartywhoisboundtotakestepstopreservethegoodsmaydeposittheminawarehouseofathirdpersonattheexpenseoftheotherpartyprovidedthattheexpenseincurredisnotunreasonable.article88(1)apartywhoisboundtopreservethegoodsinaccordancewitharticle85or86maysellthembyanyappropriatemeansiftherehasbeenanunreasonabledelaybytheotherpartyintakingpossessionofthegoodsorint,akingthembackorinpayingthepriceorthecostofpreservation,providedthatreasonablenoticeoftheintentiontosellhasbeengiventotheotherparty..v.(2)ifthegoodsaresubjecttorapiddeteriorationortheirpreservationwouldinvolveunreasonableexpense,apartywhoisboundtopreservethegoodsinaccordancewitharticle85or86musttakereasonablemeasurestosellthem.totheextentpossiblehemustgivenoticetotheotherpartyofhisintentiontosell.(3)apartysellingthegoodshastherighttoretainoutoftheproceedsofsaleanamountequaltothereasonableexpensesofpreservingthegoodsandofsellingthem.hemustaccounttotheotherpartyforthebalance.partivfinalprovisionsarticle89thesecretary-generaloftheunitednationsisherebydesignatedasthedepositaryforthisconvention.article90thisconventiondoesnotprevailoveranyinternationalagreementwhichhasalreadybeenormaybeenteredintoandwhichcontainsprovisionsconcerningthemattersgovernedbythisconvention,providedthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinstatespartiestosuchagreement.article91(1)thisconventionisopenforsignatureattheconcludingmeetingoftheunitednationsconferenceoncontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsandwillremainopenforsignaturebyallstatesattheheadquartersoftheunitednations,newyorkuntil30september1981.(2)thisconventionissubjecttoratification,acceptanceorapprovalbythesignatorystates.(3)thisconventionisopenforaccessionbyallstateswhicharenotsignatorystatesasfromthedateitisopenforsignature.(4)instrumentsofratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionaretobedepositedwiththesecretary-generaloftheunitednations.article92(1)acontractingstatemaydeclareatthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessionthatitwillnotbeboundbypartiiofthisconventionorthatitwillnotbeboundbypartiiiofthisconvention..v.(2)acontractingstatewhichmakesadeclarationinaccordancewiththeprecedingparagraphinrespectofpartiiorpartiiiofthisconventionisnottobeconsideredacontractingstatewithinparagraph(1)ofarticle1ofthisconventioninrespectofmattersgovernedbytheparttowhichthedeclarationapplies.article93(1)ifacontractingstatehastwoormoreterritorialunitsinwhich,accordingtoitsconstitution,differentsystemsoflawareapplicableinrelationtothemattersdealtwithinthisconvention,itmay,atthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,declarethatthisconventionistoextendtoallitsterritorialunitsoronlytooneormoreofthem,andmayamenditsdeclarationbysubmittinganotherdeclarationatanytime.(2)thesedeclarationsaretobenotifiedtothedepositaryandaretostateexpresslytheterritorialunitstowhichtheconventionextends.(3)if,byvirtueofadeclarationunderthisarticle,thisconventionextendstooneormorebutnotalloftheterritorialunitsofacontractingstate,andiftheplaceofbusinessofapartyislocatedinthatstate,thisplaceofbusiness,forthepurposesofthisconvention,isconsiderednottobeinacontractingstate,unlessitisinaterritorialunittowhichtheconventionextends.(4)ifacontractingstatemakesnodeclarationunderparagraph(1)ofthisarticle,theconventionistoextendtoallterritorialunitsofthatstate.article94(1)twoormorecontractingstateswhichhavethesameorcloselyrelatedlegalrulesonmattersgovernedbythisconventionmayatanytimedeclarethattheconventionisnottoapplytocontractsofsaleortotheirformationwherethepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinthosestates.suchdeclarationsmaybemadejointlyorbyreciprocalunilateraldeclarations.(2)acontractingstatewhichhasthesameorcloselyrelatedlegalrulesonmattersgovernedbythisconventionasoneormorenon-contractingstatesmayatanytimedeclarethattheconventionisnottoapplytocontractsofsaleortotheirformationwherethepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessinthosestates.(3)ifastatewhichistheobjectofadeclarationundertheprecedingparagraphsubsequentlybeesacontractingstate,thedeclarationmadewill,asfromthedateonwhichtheconventionentersintoforceinrespectofthenewcontractingstate,havetheeffectofadeclarationmadeunderparagraph(1),providedthatthenewcontractingstatejoinsinsuchdeclarationormakesareciprocalunilateraldeclaration.article95.v.anystatemaydeclareatthetimeofthedepositofitsinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessionthatitwillnotbeboundbysubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1ofthisconvention.article96acontractingstatewhoselegislationrequirescontractsofsaletobeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingmayatanytimemakeadeclarationinaccordancewitharticle12thatanyprovisionofarticle11,article29,orpartiiofthisconvention,thatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptance,orotherindicationofintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwriting,doesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinthatstate.article97(1)declarationsmadeunderthisconventionatthetimeofsignaturearesubjecttoconfirmationuponratification,acceptanceorapproval.(2)declarationsandconfirmationsofdeclarationsaretobeinwritingandbeformallynotifiedtothedepositary.(3)adeclarationtakeseffectsimultaneouslywiththeentryintoforceofthisconventioninrespectofthestateconcerned.however,adeclarationofwhichthedepositaryreceivesformalnotificationaftersuchentryintoforcetakeseffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthedateofitsreceiptbythedepositary.reciprocalunilateraldeclarationsunderarticle94takeeffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthereceiptofthelatestdeclarationbythedepositary.(4)anystatewhichmakesadeclarationunderthisconventionmaywithdrawitatanytimebyaformalnotificationinwritingaddressedtothedepositary.suchwithdrawalistotakeeffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationofsixmonthsafterthedateofthereceiptofthenotificationbythedepositary.(5)awithdrawalofadeclarationmadeunderarticle94rendersinoperative,asfromthedateonwhichthewithdrawaltakeseffect,anyreciprocaldeclarationmadebyanotherstateunderthatarticle.article98noreservationsarepermittedexceptthoseexpresslyauthorizedinthisconvention.article99(1)thisconventionentersintoforce,subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(6)ofthisarticle,onthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthedate.v.ofdepositofthetenthinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,includinganinstrumentwhichcontainsadeclarationmadeunderarticle92.(2)whenastateratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothisconventionafterthedepositofthetenthinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,thisconvention,withtheexceptionofthepartexcluded,entersintoforceinrespectofthatstate,subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(6)ofthisarticle,onthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthedateofthedepositofitsinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession.(3)astatewhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothisconventionandisapartytoeitherorboththeconventionrelatingtoauniformlawontheformationofcontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsdoneatthehagueon1july1964(1964hagueformationconvention)andtheconventionrelatingtoauniformlawontheinternationalsaleofgoodsdoneatthehagueon1july1964(1964haguesalesconvention)shallatthesametimedenounce,asthecasemaybe,eitherorboththe1964haguesalesconventionandthe1964hagueformationconventionbynotifyingthegovernmentofthenetherlandstothateffect.(4)astatepartytothe1964haguesalesconventionwhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothepresentconventionanddeclaresorhasdeclaredunderarticle52thatitwillnotbeboundbypartiiofthisconventionshallatthetimeofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessiondenouncethe1964haguesalesconventionbynotifyingthegovernmentofthenetherlandstothateffect.(5)astatepartytothe1964hagueformationconventionwhichratifies,accepts,approvesoraccedestothepresentconventionanddeclaresorhasdeclaredunderarticle92thatitwillnotbeboundbypartiiiofthisconventionshallatthetimeofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessiondenouncethe1964hagueformationconventionbynotifyingthegovernmentofthenetherlandstothateffect.(6)forthepurposeofthisarticle,ratifications,acceptances,approvalsandaccessionsinrespectofthisconventionbystatespartiestothe1964hagueformationconventionortothe1964haguesalesconventionshallnotbeeffectiveuntilsuchdenunciationsasmayberequiredonthepartofthosestatesinrespectofthelattertwoconventionshavethemselvesbeeeffective.thedepositaryofthisconventionshallconsultwiththegovernmentofthenetherlands,asthedepositaryofthe1964conventions,soastoensurenecessaryco-ordinationinthisrespect.article100(1)thisconventionappliestotheformationofacontractonlywhentheproposalforconcludingthecontractismadeonorafterthedatewhentheconventionentersintoforceinrespectofthecontractingstatesreferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(a)orthecontractingstatereferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1..v.(2)thisconventionappliesonlytocontractsconcludedonorafterthedatewhentheconventionentersintoforceinrespectofthecontractingstatesreferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(a)orthecontractingstatereferredtoinsubparagraph(1)(b)ofarticle1.article101(1)acontractingstatemaydenouncethisconvention,orpartiiorpartiiioftheconvention,byaformalnotificationinwritingaddressedtothedepositary.(2)thedenunciationtakeseffectonthefirstdayofthemonthfollowingtheexpirationoftwelvemonthsafterthenotificationisreceivedbythedepositary.wherealongerperiodforthedenunciationtotakeeffectisspecifiedinthenotification,thedenunciationtakeseffectupontheexpirationofsuchlongerperiodafterthenotificationisreceivedbythedepositary.doneatvienna,thisdayofeleventhdayofapril,onethousandninehundredandeighty,inasingleoriginal,ofwhichthearabic,chinese,english,french,russianandspanishtextsareequallyauthentic.inwitnesswhereoftheundersignedplenipotentiaries,beingdulyauthorizedbytheirrespectivegovernments,havesignedthisconvention.文档来源：律师365〔.64365./〕合同栏目，找律师就上律师365.v',)